بررسی کارایی انواع تیمارهای حفاظتی در کنترل هدررفت عناصر غذایی خاک ترانشه‌های جاده‌های جنگلی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

2 استاد گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

چکیده

بررسی کارایی انواع تیمارهای حفاظتی در کنترل هدررفت عناصر غذایی خاک ترانشه‌های جاده‌های جنگلی
چکیده
سابقه و هدف: در جنگل‌های کوهستانی شمال ایران، بدون یاری به طبیعت و دخالت متخصصین امکان تثبیت زودهنگام لکه-های رانشی که غالباً درآنجا هدر رفت خاک غنی جنگل در اثر آب‌شویی به‌وقوع می‌پیوندد، وجود ندارد. لذا در این شرایط اجرای به‌موقع فنون حفاظت خاک و شناسایی کارایی آنها به‌ویژه در محل ترانشه‌های پرشیب جاده‌های جنگلی ضرورت پیدا می‌کند.
مواد و روش‌ها: در طول شبکه جاده‌های جنگلی طرح شصت‌کلاته استان گلستان، موقعیت مکانی ترانشه‌های خاکی رانشی اعم از خاکبرداری و خاکریزی با شیب 60-45 درجه به‌کمک GPS ثبت شد. سپس عملیات هیدرومالچینگ با خاک‌پوش مایع، نصب بالشتک‌، تثبیت سلولی، تثبیت با زمین‌پارچه، چپر مرده، چپر زنده با 4 تکرار در پلات‌هایی به ابعاد 30 مترمربع روی ترانشه‌ها انجام پذیرفت. 4 تکرار نیز به عنوان شاهد بدون هر گونه تیمار مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نمونه‌برداری از طریق تله-گذاری در جوی کناری و در ابتدا (تله مهار) و انتهای ترانشه‌های تیمار شده و شاهد اجرا گردید. در پایان یک دوره 6 ماهه (پاییز و زمستان) پنج نمونه از رسوبات انباشته شده در تله‌ها جهت اندازه‌گیری مقدار عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم و ماده آلی جمع‌آوری شد. مقدار پتاسیم قابل جذب با روش استات آمونیوم و کلراید، مقدار فسفر قابل جذب با روش اسپکتروفتومتر، درصد ازت کل با روش کجلدال و درصد ماده آلی به روش نیتراسیون تعیین شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مقدار هدررفت مواد مغذی خاک به‌ویژه مواد آلی و ازت از سطح ترانشه خاکبرداری بیشتر از ترانشه خاکریزی بود. در حالی‌که در تیمار تثبیت سلولی هیچ تفاوت معنی‌داری بین مقدار هدررفت عناصر غذایی از سطح ترانشه‌های خاکبرداری و خاکریزی وجود نداشت. بیشترین مقدار هدررفت عناصر غذایی خاک در تیمار شاهد ملاحظه گردید. در مجموع تیمار تثبیت سلولی (7/83 درصد) و چپر زنده (2/75 درصد) کارآمدترین تیمارها و تیمار خاک‌پوش مایع (3/45 درصد) و تثبیت بالشتکی (2/53 درصد) ناکارآمدترین تیمارها برای کنترل هدررفت عناصر غذایی خاک از ترانشه‌های جاده‌های جنگلی بودند.
نتیجه‌گیری: روش‌های تثبیت خاک می‌توانند باعث نگهداشت عناصر غذایی خاک، آماده‌سازی بستر مناسب برای رویش مجدد گیاهان بومی، حفظ میکروارگانیسم‌های خاک و افزایش مقاومت ساختمان جاده با حداقل هزینه‌ها شوند. توانایی شیوه‌های حفاظت خاک در جلوگیری از رواناب، رسوبات و تلفات مواد مغذی متفاوت است و این مورد تا حدود زیادی به شرایط اقلیمی منطقه وابسته است. در پژوهش حاضر مشخص شد که روش‌های تثبیت سلولی و چپرزنده را می‌توان برای تثبیت ترانشه‌های خاکی جاده‌های جنگلی پیشنهاد نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the effectiveness of different types of conservation treatments in controlling the soil nutrients loss from sideslopes of forest roads

نویسندگان [English]

  • Aidin Parsakhoo 1
  • Seyed Ataollah Hosseini 2
1 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
2 Professor, Dept. of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Investigating the effectiveness of different types of conservation treatments in controlling the soil nutrients loss from sideslopes of forest roads

Abstract
Background and Objectives: In the mountainous forests of northern Iran, without the help of nature and the intervention of experts, there is no possibility of early stabilization of shallow landslide spots where the rich soil of the forest is often wasted due to leaching. Therefore, in this situation, timely implementation of soil protection techniques and identification of their effectiveness becomes necessary, especially in the steep sideslopes of forest roads.
Materials and Methods: In this research and along the network of forest roads of Shastkalateh plan of Golestan province, the location of earthen seideslopes, including cutslope and fillslopes with a slope of 45-60 degrees, was recorded with the help of GPS. Then, hydromulching operation with hydromulch, absorption bag, geo-cell, stabilization with geotextile, dead hedge, and alive hedge with 4 repetitions were carried out on the road sideslopes. 4 replications were also examined as controls without any treatment. Sampling was carried out by placing traps in the side air and at the beginning (retention trap) and the end of treated and control plots. At the end of a 6-month period (autumn and winter), five samples of sediments accumulated in the traps were collected to measure the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter elements. The amount of absorbable potassium was determined by the ammonium acetate and chloride method, the amount of absorbable phosphorus was determined by the spectrophotometer method, the percentage of total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method, and the percentage of organic matter was determined by the nitration method.
Results: The results showed that the loss of soil nutrients, especially organic matter and nitrogen, from the surface of the cutslope was more than that of the fillslope. While in geo-cell treatment, there was no significant difference between the loss of soil nutrients from the surface of cutslope and fillslope. The highest loss of soil nutrients was observed in the control treatment. In total, geo-cell treatment (83.7 percent) and alive hedge (75.2 percent) are the most efficient treatments, and hydromulch treatment (45.3 percent) and absorption bag (53.2 percent) are the most ineffective treatments in order to control nutrient loss.
Conclusion: Soil stabilization methods can preserve soil nutrients, prepare a suitable substrate for the regrowth of native plants, preserve soil microorganisms, and increase the resistance of road construction with minimal costs. The ability of soil protection methods to prevent runoff, sediments and loss of nutrients is different, and this depends to a large extent on the climatic conditions of the region. It was concluded that geo-grid and water absorption bags can be used to control soil nutrient loss from forest road sideslopes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cutslope
  • Fillslope
  • Geo-cell
  • loss of organic matter
  • Shastkalateh forest

مراجع

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 30، شماره 2
تیر 1402
صفحه 141-159

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