تأثیر مقدار و اندازه ذرات زغال زیستی کنوکارپوس بر خصوصیات فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی و تبخیر از سطح خاک لوم شنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

2 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک، به‌علت نبود پوشش گیاهی کافی و بازگشت مقدار کم بقایای گیاهی به خاک، مقدار مواد آلی خاک بسیار کم است لذا مصرف انواع کودهای آلی می‌تواند راه‌کار مناسبی برای بهبود شرایط فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در این مناطق باشد. در سال‌های اخیر از بیوچار به‌عنوان اصلاح‌کننده خاک (منبع کربن آلی) و به‌نوعی روشی برای ترسیب کربن در خاک‌های مناطق خشک و بیابانی استفاده‌ شده است. توانایی بالای این ماده در جذب و نگهداری عناصر غذایی و جلوگیری از آبشویی آن‌ها، جذب فلزات سمی و کودهای شیمیایی باعث افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک می‌شود. بافت غالب خاک منطقه سیستان لوم شن می‌باشد که دارای ظرفیت نگهداری آب پایین می‌باشد. لذا به‌علت بارندگی بسیار کم، بافت خاک منطقه و تبخیر بالا، این تحقیق با هدف حفظ و افزایش ظرفیت نگهداری آب در خاک و بهبود ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک‌ لوم شنی منطقه سیستان با به‌کار بردن ترکیبات و اندازه‌های مختلف بیوچار تهیه شده از هرس شاخ و برگ درختچه‌های کنوکارپوس کشت شده در ایرانشهر انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: در این تحقیق به بررسی تأثیر سه دامنه قطر بیوچارکنوکارپوس (کمتر از 25/0، 1-25/0 و 1-2 میلیمتر) و سه مقدار بیوچار کنوکارپوس (2، 4 و 8 درصد وزنی) بر خصوصیات هیدرولیکی و فیزیکی خاک و تبخیر از سطح خاک با بافت لوم شنی منطقه سیستان پرداخته شد. آزمایشات در 3 تکرار و در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام شد. برای انجام کار ستون‌هایی از جنس پلی اتیلن به قطر 10 سانتیمتر و ارتفاع 35 سانتی‌متر تهیه شد. ستون‌ها از کف به وسیله پارچه بسته شد. خاک با تیمارهای مختلف اندازه و مقدار بیوچار به-صورت دستی به ستون‌ها افزوده شد و با ضربات آرام به بدنه ستون تا رسیدن به ارتفاع 30 سانتیمتر پر شد. برای اندازه‌گیری تبخیر، 100 میلی‌متر آب در 5 هفته (هرهفته 20 میلی‌متر) به خاک اضافه شد. تبخیر از سطح خاک هرروز به روش وزنی اندازه‌گیری شد. هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع خاک به روش بار ثابت اندازه‌گیری شد. همچنین شوری و رطوبت خاک در سه عمق 10-0، 20-10 و 30-20 سانتی-متری خاک محاسبه شد. چگالی ظاهری و ظرفیت نگهداشت آب درخاک نیز اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد با افزایش مقدار بیوچار مصرفی، چگالی ظاهری و هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع خاک نسبت به تیمار شاهد (تیمار بدون بیوچار) به ترتیب 32/29 % و 1/48 % کاهش یافت. با افزایش مقدار بیوچار و کاهش اندازه ذرات آن، ظرفیت نگهداشت آب در خاک افزایش یافت. تیمار 8 درصد وزنی بیوچار و اندازه ذرات کمتر از 25/0 میلی‌متر بیشترین (54/43 %) افزایش ظرفیت نگهداشت آب در خاک را دارا بود. با افزایش مقدار بیوچار و کاهش اندازه ذرات آن، شوری خاک نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش یافت. اما تبخیر از سطح خاک با افزایش مقدار بیوچار و کاهش اندازه ذرات آن، کاهش یافت.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده می‌توان گفت بیوچار اثرات مثبتی بر بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی خاک‌های با بافت نسبتا سبک دارد. اما این تغییرات بستگی به مقدار و اندازه ذرات بیوچار دارد. استفاده از بیوچار به‌عنوان یک اصلاح‌کننده خاک در خاک‌های سبک بافت که ظرفیت نگهداری آب کم و تبخیر بالایی دارند، به خصوص در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک که با مشکل کمبود منابع آب مواجه هستند، راهکار بسیار مناسبی است. اما باید توجه داشت که افزایش سطوح بیوچار در خاک می‌تواند باعث افزایش شوری خاک شود. بنابراین با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده و تأثیر مثبت بیوچار بر پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک، انتخاب بهینه سطح بیوچار بایستی به گونه‌ای باشد که استفاده از آن از لحاظ اقتصادی مقرون به صرفه باشد و این امر مستلزم تحقیقات بیشتر به‌خصوص در شرایط مزرعه‌ای می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of the amount and particles size of Conocarpus biochar on physical and hydraulic properties and evaporation from loam sandy soil surface

نویسندگان [English]

  • faeze barahooi 1
  • Halimeh Piri 2
  • Amir Naserin 3
1 M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
2 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
3 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: In arid and semi-arid areas, due to the lack of sufficient vegetation and the return of a small amount of plant residues to the soil, the amount of organic matter in the soil is very low, so the use of organic fertilizers can be a suitable solution to improve the physical and chemical conditions of the soil in these areas. In recent years, biochar has been used as a soil modifier (source of organic carbon) and as a method for carbon sequestration in the soils of dry and desert areas. this research aims to maintain and increase the water retention capacity in the soil and improve the physical characteristics of the loam sandy of the Sistan region by using different compositions and sizes.
Materials and methods: In this research, the effect of three biochar diameter ranges (<0.25, 0.25-1 and 1-2 mm) and three amounts of Cenocarpus biochar (2, 4, and 8% by weight) on the properties Hydraulic and physical soil and evaporation from the soil surface with loam sandy texture of Sistan region were studied. Experiments were conducted in 3 replications in a completely randomized design. To carry out the work, polyethylene columns with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 35 cm were prepared. The columns were covered with cloth from the floor. The soil with different treatments of size and amount of biochar was manually added to the columns and filled with gentle blows to the column body until reaching a height of 30 cm. To measure evaporation, 100 mm of water was added to the soil in 5 weeks (20 mm per week). Evaporation from the soil surface was measured by weight method every day. Hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil was measured by constant load method. Also, soil salinity and moisture were calculated at three depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. The bulk density and water holding capacity of the soil were also measured.
Results: The results showed that with the increase in the amount of biochar used, the bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil decreased by 29.32% and 48.1%, respectively, compared to the control treatment (treatment without biochar). By increasing the amount of biochar and decreasing its particle size, the water holding capacity in the soil increased. The treatment with 8% by weight of biochar and the particle size <0.25 mm had the greatest (43.54%) increase in the water holding capacity in the soil. By increasing the amount of biochar and decreasing its particle size, soil salinity increased compared to the control treatment. But the evaporation from the soil surface decreased with the increase in the amount of biochar and the decrease in its particle size.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be said that biochar has positive effects on improving the physical and hydraulic properties of soils with a relatively light texture. But these changes depend on the amount and size of biochar particles. Using biochar as a soil modifier in light textured soils that have low water holding capacity and high evaporation, especially in arid and semi-arid areas that are facing the problem of lack of water resources, is a very suitable solution. But it should be noted that increasing biochar levels in soil can increase soil salinity. Therefore, according to the obtained results and the positive effect of biochar on the physical and chemical parameters of the soil, the optimal selection of the biochar surface should be such that its use is economically viable, and this requires more research, especially It is in farm conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil amendment
  • Sistan plain
  • Soil conservation
  • Soil waterholding capacity

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 30، شماره 2
تیر 1402
صفحه 97-117

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