بررسی عملکرد و بهره‌وری مصرف آب ارقام گندم در تاریخ کاشت‌ها و شرایط آبیاری مختلف (مطالعه موردی در دشت گرگان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترا گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 دانشیارگروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

3 دانشیار بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران

4 استادیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کاشت رقم مناسب در بهینه‌ترین تاریخ کاشت در مدیریت منابع محیطی از جمله منابع آب بسیار تعیین کننده است و می‌تواند منجر به حداکثر بهره‌وری مصرف آب و انرژی در راستای افزایش عملکرد شود. لذا این پژوهش با هدف تعیین مناسب‌ترین تاریخ کاشت و محاسبه بهره‌وری مصرف آب ارقام تجاری گندم نان تحت شرایط تحت شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی و کم‌آبی در شرایط آب و هوایی گرگان انجام گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش در سال زراعی 1401-1400 به صورت کرت‌های دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار اجرا شد. در این آزمایش دو شرایط رطوبتی (شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی و کم‌آبی) در کرت‌های اصلی، هفت تاریخ کاشت (از 10 آبان تا 10 دی ماه به فواصل 10 روزه) در کرت‌های فرعی و چهار ژنوتیپ گندم نان (شامل ارقام آرمان، آراز، تکتاز و لاین N-93-9) به عنوان کرت‌های فرعیِ فرعی قرار گرفتند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج تجزیه واریانس عملکرد دانه و بهره‌وری مصرف آب نشان داد که اثر شرایط رطوبتی در سطح احتمال پنج درصد و اثرات تاریخ کاشت و رقم در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بودند. نتایج مقایسات میانگین نشان داد که عملکرد دانه در شرایط کم‌آبی (5288 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به طور معنی‌داری کمتر از شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی (5715 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. تیمار کم‌آبی باعث افزایش معنی‌دار بهره‌وری مصرف آب (3/17 کیلوگرم در هکتار بر میلی‌متر) نسبت به شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی (1/16 کیلوگرم در هکتار بر میلی‌متر) شد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه در تاریخ کاشت‌های دوم (20 آبان، 6340 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و سوم (30 آبان، 6165 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بدست آمد. بیشترین بهره‌وری مصرف آب نیز مربوط به تاریخ کاشت‌های دوم و سوم (20 و 30 آبان، 6/18 کیلوگرم در هکتار بر میلی‌متر) بود. نتایج مقایسه میانگین برای ارقام نشان داد که رقم تکتاز (به عنوان یک رقم زودرس) به طور معنی‌داری عملکرد دانه (5872 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و بهره‌وری مصرف آب (8/17 کیلوگرم در هکتار بر میلی‌متر) بیشتری نسبت سایر ژنوتیپ‌ها داشت.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که تیمار کم‌آبی باعث کاهش معنی‌دار عملکرد دانه و افزایش بهره‌وری مصرف آب شد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه و بهره‌وری مصرف آب در تاریخ کاشت‌های دوم و سوم بدست آمد. همچنین عملکرد دانه و بهره‌وری مصرف آب در رقم تکتاز به طور معنی‌داری بیشتری نسبت سایر ژنوتیپ‌ها بود. به طور کلی می‌توان گفت کاشت رقم تکتاز در تاریخ کاشت‌های دوم و سوم موجب دستیابی به حداکثر عملکرد و بهره‌وری مصرف آب در هر دو شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی و کم‌آبی شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the performance and water productivity of wheat cultivars in different sowing dates and irrigation conditions (a case study in Gorgan Plain)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farasat Sajadi 1
  • Hossein Sharifan 2
  • Habiballah Soughi 3
  • Mohammad Abdolhosseini 4
1 Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Water and Soil, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 . Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Water and Soil, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
3 Associate Prof., Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Gorgan, Iran.
4 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Water and Soil, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Planting the proper cultivar in the most optimal sowing date is very decisive in the management of environmental resources, including water resources, and leads to maximum water productivity of and energy efficiency for increasing performance. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the most appropriate sowing date and water productivity for commercial cultivar of bread wheat under supplemental irrigation and water deficit conditions in the climatic conditions of Gorgan, Iran.
Materials and methods: This experiment was carried out as split-split plots based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications, during the 2021-2022 cropping season. In this experiment, two moisture conditions (supplemental irrigation and water deficit conditions) were placed in main plots, seven sowing dates (from 1 November to 31 December, 10-day intervals) were placed in subplots and four bread wheat genotypes (including Arman, Araz, Taktaz and N-93-9) were placed as sub-subplots.
Results: The analysis of variance for grain yield and water productivity showed that the effect of moisture conditions was significant at the 0.05 level and the effects of sowing date and cultivar were significant at the 0.01 level. The results of mean comparisons showed that the grain yield in water deficit conditions (5288 kg ha-1) was significantly lower than the supplemental irrigation conditions (5715 kg ha-1). Water deficit conditions caused a significant increase in water productivity (17.3 kg ha-1 mm-1) compared to supplemental irrigation conditions (16.1 kg ha-1 mm-1). The highest grain yield was obtained on the second (11 November, 6340 kg ha-1) and third (21 November, 6165 kg ha-1) sowing dates. Also. the highest water productivity was related to the second and third sowing dates (18.6 kg ha-1 mm-1). The results of mean comparisons for cultivars showed that in Taktaz (as an early-maturing cultivar) grain yield (5872 kg ha-1) and water productivity (17.8 kg ha-1 mm-1) were significantly greater than other genotypes.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that water deficit conditions caused a significant decrease in grain yield and a significant increase in water productivity. The highest grain yield and water productivity were obtained on the second and third planting dates. Also, grain yield and water productivity in Taktaz cultivar were significantly greater than other genotypes. In general, it can be said that the planting of Taktaz cutlivar in the second and third sowing dates (11 and 21 November) has resulted in achieving the maximum performance and water productivity in both supplemental irrigation and water deficit conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Golestan province
  • Supplemental irrigation
  • Early-maturing cultivar
  • Water deficit
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