بررسی امکان استفاده از پساب در گیاه پالایی خاک آلوده به گازوئیل

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا همدان، همدان، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری آبیاری و زهکشی گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا همدان، همدان، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: گیاه پالایی یکی از روش‌های بیولوژیکی کارآمد و کم هزینه برای پاکسازی آلاینده‌ها، از جمله مواد نفتی از خاک می باشد. شناخت مکانیزم‌های گیاه پالایی و بررسی پارامترهای دخیل در فرآیند گیاه پالایی منجر به مدیریت بهتر و افزایش کارامدی این روش می گردد. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی اثر عواملی مانند غلظت آلاینده، کیفیت آب آبیاری و نوع گیاه بر گیاه پالایی خاک آلوده به گازوئیل با استفاده از گیاه خلر (Lathyrus sativus L.) و گیاه فستوکای بلند (Festuca arundinacea) می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: یک آزمایش گلدانی دو ساله به منظور ارزیابی گیاه پالایی در سالهای 1397 و 1398 در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در گلخانه انجام شد. تیمارهای این آزمایش، عبارتند از: خاک آلوده به گازوئیل در دو سطح 5/1 و 3 درصد و آب آبیاری در دو سطح آب شیرین و پساب (فاضلاب شهری تصفیه شده). سه ماه پس از کاشت، از زهاب خروجی، خاک و گیاهان نمونه برداری انجام شد و میزان گازوئیل موجود در نمونه‌ها به روش وزنی اندازه‌گیری شد. بر اساس غلظت اولیه گازوئیل در خاک، مشارکت عوامل مختلف در حذف گازوئیل تعیین و با یکدیگر مقایسه شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که گیاه فستوکای بلند گازوئیل موجود در خاک را به میزان حداکثر 4/62 و حداقل 9/47 درصد کاهش داد و مقدار کاهش گازوئیل در گیاه پالایی توسط گیاه خلر حداکثر 0/63 و حداقل 2/44 درصد به دست آمد. از میان مکانیزم-های حذف گازوئیل کمترین نقش را استخراج گیاهی با مقدار حداقل 2 درصد و حداکثر 12 درصد و بیشترین نقش را مکانیزم-های تخریب گیاهی-ریزوسفری با مقدار حداقل 71 درصد و حداکثر 84 درصد بر عهده داشتند. کمترین مقدار گازوئیل خارج شده از خاک توسط زهاب 11درصد و بیشترین مقدار آن 21 درصد به دست آمد. تیمارهای دارای غلظت گازوئیل 3 درصدی، تنها در میزان خروج گازوئیل از طریق زهاب در آزمایش اول گیاه فستوکای بلند و میزان استخراج گیاهی در آزمایش دوم همان گیاه با تیمارهای دارای غلظت گازوئیل 5/1 درصد تفاوت معنی‌دار داشتند، در سایر آزمایش‌ها تفاوت معنی‌داری بین دو سطح گازوئیل مشاهده نشد. ارزیابی اثر کیفیت آب آبیاری بر مکانیزم‌های حذف گازوئیل نشان داد که خروج گازوئیل از طریق زهاب در تیمار گازوئیل 5/1 درصد-پساب در آزمایش دوم گیاه فستوکای بلند به طور معنی‌داری کمتر از سایر تیمارها بود، استخراج گیاهی در آزمایش دوم گیاه خلر در تیمار گازوئیل 5/1 درصد-آب شیرین بیشترین مقدار و در تیمار گازوئیل 3 درصد-پساب کمترین مقدار را داشت. در سایر آزمایش‌ها تفاوت معنی‌داری بین دو کیفیت آب آبیاری مشاهده نشد. در مورد مکانیزم تخریب گیاهی و ریزوسفری، فقط تیمار گازوئیل 5/1 درصد-آب شیرین-آزمایش اول گیاه فستوکای بلند با سایر تیمارها تفاوت معنی‌دار داشت.
نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که تغییر فاکتورهایی مانند گونه گیاهی، غلظت گازوئیل و کیفیت آب آبیاری می‌تواند در حذف گازوئیل اثر معنی‌دار داشته باشد، اما درجه اثرگذاری هریک از عوامل بسته به میزان گازوئیل، درجه تصفیه آب آبیاری و مقاومت گیاه و میکروراگانیسم های خاک در برابر سمیت گازوئیل، متفاوت است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the possibility the Use of Treated Wastewater in phytoremediation of diesel contaminated soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Omid Bahmani 1
  • Shiva Mottaghi 2
  • Vahid Atlasi Pak 3
1 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
2 Ph.D. Student of Irrigation and Drainage, Dept. of Water Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
3 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Agriculture, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Phytoremediation is one of the most efficient and cost-effective biological methods for removing contaminants, including petroleum products, from the soil. Understanding the mechanisms of phytoremediation and examining the parameters involved in the phytoremediation process leads to better management and increase the efficiency of this method. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of factors such as diesel concentration, type of irrigation water and type of plant on phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil, using Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea).
Materials and methods: A two-year pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the phytoremediation during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments of this experiment were diesel contaminated soil at two levels of 1.5 and 3% and irrigation water at two levels of freshwater and wastewater (treated municipal wastewater). Drainage water, soil and plants were sampled three months after planting and the amount of diesel in the samples was measured using the gravimetric method. Based on the initial concentration of diesel in the soil, the participation of different factors in diesel removal was determined and compared with each other.
Results: The results showed that the Tall fescue plant reduced the amount of diesel in the soil by a maximum of 62.4 % and a minimum of 47.9 % and the amount of removal diesel in phytoremediation by Grass pea was achieved with a maximum of 63.0 % and a minimum of 44.2 %. Among the diesel removal mechanisms, Phytoextraction mechanism had the lowest participation (2-12%) and Phytodegradation-Rhizodegradation mechanisms had the highest participation (71-84%). The amount of diesel in drainage water was 11-21%. All of D3% treatments were significantly different with D1.5% treatments only in the amount of diesel in drainage water in Tall fescue-2018 experiment and the amount of Phytoextraction in Tall fescue-2019 experiment. In other experiments, no significant difference was observed between the two levels of diesel. Evaluation of the effect of irrigation water quality on diesel removal mechanisms showed that the amount of diesel in drainage in the D1.5%-wastewater-Tall fescue-2019 treatment was significantly less than other treatments. Phytoextraction had the highest value in the D1.5%-freshwater-Grass pea-2019 treatment and the lowest value in the D3%-wastewater-Grass pea-2019 treatment, no significant difference was observed between the two types of irrigation water in other experiments. In the Phytodegradation-Rhizodegradation mechanisms, only D1.5%-freshwater-Tall fescue-2018 treatment was significantly different from other treatments.
Conclusion: The results showed that changes in factors such as plant species, diesel concentration and type of irrigation water can have a significant effect on diesel removal, but the degree of effectiveness of each factor is different depending on the diesel concentration, the treatment degree of irrigation water, and the resistance of plants and soil microorganisms against diesel toxicity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil contamination
  • Wastewater
  • Diesel
  • Phytoremediation

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 29، شماره 3
مهر 1401
صفحه 1-21

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