ارزیابی تاثیر مدیریت آب و روش های مختلف عرضه کود نیتروژن بر کارآیی مصرف آب و عملکرد برنج

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی منابع آب، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران (کارشناس گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران).

2 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

3 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

4 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کاهش اثرات زیست محیطی مرتبط با تلفات قابل توجه آب و نیتروژن از اراضی شالیزاری، مستلزم ارتقای همزمان کارایی مصرف این نهاده‌ها می‌باشد. برنج به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین گیاهان زراعی، غذای اصلی بیش از نیمی از جمعیت جهان را تامین می‌کند. بر اساس آخرین آمار موجود، در سال زراعی 2018 - 2017 سطح زیر کشت برنج کشور 622991 هکتار بود که به‌طور عمده متعلق به پنج استان گیلان ( 3/35 درصد)، مازندران ( 3/34 درصد)، خوزستان ( 9/10 درصد)، گلستان ( 9/9 درصد) و فارس ( 4/3 درصد) بود. از میان استان‌های مختلف، استان مازندران با تولید 1113715 تن شلتوک، تولید کننده اصلی برنج کشور محسوب می‌شود. از سوی دیگر، بیشترین سطح زیرکشت در بین کل محصولات زراعی در استان مازندران مربوط به برنج می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: داده‌های مزرعه‌ای مورد نیاز در طول دو فصل کشت برنج رقم دیلمانی در سال‌های 1390 و 1391 از حدود یک هکتار از اراضی شالیزاری تجهیز و نوسازی شهرستان ساری در استان مازندران تهیه ‌شد. از داده‌های سال 1390 برای واسنجی و از داده‌های سال 1391 برای صحت‌سنجی مدل CERES-RICE از بسته نرم‌افزاریDSSAT V4.7.5 استفاده شد. با استفاده از مدل واسنجی شده، اثر سناریوهای مختلف مدیریت آب و کود نیتروژن بر شاخص‌های کارایی مصرف آب (WUE)، کارایی اقتصادی مصرف آبEWP) )، کارایی فیزیولوژیکی مصرف نیتروژن برای تولید دانه (NUEg)، شاخص برداشت (HI) و شاخص برداشت نیتروژن (NHI) برنج بررسی شد. از مدل واسنجی شده برای ارزیابی اثر تلفیقی سه نوع مدیریت آبیاری شامل غرقاب دایم (I1)، آبیاری متناوب با دور 5 روز (I2) و آبیاری متناوب با دور 8 روز (I3) و شش تیمار مدیریت کودیN1 (50% زمان کاشت، 25% زمان پنجه‌زنی و 25% زمان خوشه‌دهی)، N2 (25% زمان کاشت، 50% زمان پنجه‌زنی و 25% زمان خوشه‌دهی)،N3 (25% زمان کاشت، 25%زمان خوشه‌دهی و 50% زمان پنجه‌زنی)، N4 (کوددهی در زمان خوشه‌دهی)، N5 (کوددهی در زمان پنجه‌زنی) و N6 (کوددهی در زمان کاشت)استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: کم‌ترین عملکرد دانه (832 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار I1N6 و بیش‌ترین مقدار آن (3640 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار I3N5 حاصل شد. شبیه‌سازی‌ها نشان داد که تاثیر زمان کوددهی و نوع آبیاری مستقل از یکدیگر نبود. تیمار I3N5، دارای حداکثر HI (39/0)، حداقل تبخیر از سطح خاک (4/173 میلی‌متر)، حداکثر WUE (یک کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب)، حداکثر EWP (104×12 ریال بر مترمکعب)، کمترین تلفات نیترات (47/52 کیلوگرم بر هکتار)، بیشترین جذب کود نیتروژن (99 کیلوگرم بر هکتار)، حداکثر NUEg (یک) و حداقل تنش نیتروژن (05/0) بود. همچنین حداکثر NHI (37/0)، متعلق به تیمار I2N5 بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: براساس نتایج، در مدیریت‌های اعمال شده با توجه به اجزای عملکرد محصول، شاخص برداشت، بهره‌وری آب، کارایی اقتصادی مصرف آب، کارایی مصرف نیتروژن، نیتروژن جذب‌شده، آبشویی نیترات و شاخص برداشت نیتروژن، مدیریت آبیاری با تناوب 8 روز، به عنوان بهترین گزینه از نظر مدیریت آبیاری بود. همچنین، استفاده از تیمار I3N5 به عنوان تیمار برتر تحت دو مدیریت کوددهی و آبیاری در پژوهش حاضر (در دوره 20 تا 50 روز پس از نشاکاری)، از نظر کارایی مصرف آب و نیتروژن مصرفی در شالیزارهای استان توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the influnce of water management and different methods of nitrogen application on rice yield and water use efficiency

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samira Ziaeifar 1
  • Hossein Khozeymehnezhad 2
  • Hassan Alinezhad 3
  • Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali 4
1 1. Ph.D. Student in Water Resources Engineering, Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
2 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. E-mail: hkhozeymeh@birjand.ac.ir
3 . M.Sc. Graduate of Irrigation and Drainage, Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
4 Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Simultaneous improvement of water and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy fields is necessary to reduce the environmental- related issues. Rice, as one of the most important crop, provides the main food of more than half of the world's population. According to the latest available statistics, in the crop year 1396-97, the rice cultivated area the country was 622991 ha, which mainly belongd to the five provinces of Gilan (35.3%), Mazandaran (34.3%), Khuzestan (10.9%), Golestan (9.9%) and Fars (3.4%). Among different provinces, Mazandaran province is the main producer of rice in the country with the production of 1113715 tons of rice. Additionally, rice is the predominant crop in Mazandaran province.
Materials and methods: The required field data of Daylamani rice cultivar were obtained during two rice growing seasons (2011-2012) from one ha consolidated paddy field in Sari, Mazandaran province. Data from 2011 were used for calibration and data from 2012 were used for validation of the CERES-Rice model of DSSAT V4.7.5 software package. By using the validated model, the effect of different scenarios of water and nitrogen fertilizer management on water use efficiency (WUE), economic water use efficiency (EWP), physiological efficiency of nitrogen consumption for grain production (NUEg), harvest index and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) were evaluated. The calibrated model was then applied to evaluate the combined effect of three types of irrigation management including continuous flooding (I1), intermittent irrigation with 5 (I2) and 8 (I3) days irrigation frequency and six N fertilizer management treatments including N1 (50% at planting (P), 25% at tillering (T) and 25% at clustering (C)), N2 (25% at P, 50% at T and 25% C), N3 (25% at P, 25% C and 50% at T), N4 (fertilization at C), N5 (fertilization at T) and N6 (fertilization at P).
Results: The minimum (832 kg/ha) and maximum (3640 kg/ha) grain yield were obtained in I1N6 and I3N5, respectively. The simulations showed that the effect of fertilization time and type of irrigation were not independent of each other. I3N5 resulted in maximum HI (0.39), minimum soil evaporation (173.4 mm), maximum WUE (one kg/m3), maximum EWP (12×104 Rials/m3), minimum nitrate losses (52.47 kg/ha), the highest nitrogen fertilizer uptake (99 kg/ha), maximum NUEg (one) and minimum nitrogen stress (0.05). Also, the maximum NHI (0.37) belonged to the I2N5 treatment.
Conclusion: Based on the results, among the applied managements, according to the components of crop yield, harvest index, water productivity, EWP, NUEg, nitrogen uptake, nitrate leaching and NHI, 8 days irrigation frequency was the best option in terms of irrigation management. Also, the use of I3N5 treatment as a superior combined- treatment under both fertilizer and irrigation management in the present study is recommended in terms of water and N use efficiency in the paddy fields of the province.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water management
  • CERES-RICE model
  • irrigation frequency
  • rice yield
  • nitrogen use efficiency
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