ارزیابی تاثیر مدیریت آب و روش های مختلف عرضه کود نیتروژن بر کارآیی مصرف آب و عملکرد برنج

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی منابع آب، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران (کارشناس گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران).

2 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

3 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

4 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کاهش اثرات زیست محیطی مرتبط با تلفات قابل توجه آب و نیتروژن از اراضی شالیزاری، مستلزم ارتقای همزمان کارایی مصرف این نهاده‌ها می‌باشد. برنج به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین گیاهان زراعی، غذای اصلی بیش از نیمی از جمعیت جهان را تامین می‌کند. بر اساس آخرین آمار موجود، در سال زراعی 2018 - 2017 سطح زیر کشت برنج کشور 622991 هکتار بود که به‌طور عمده متعلق به پنج استان گیلان ( 3/35 درصد)، مازندران ( 3/34 درصد)، خوزستان ( 9/10 درصد)، گلستان ( 9/9 درصد) و فارس ( 4/3 درصد) بود. از میان استان‌های مختلف، استان مازندران با تولید 1113715 تن شلتوک، تولید کننده اصلی برنج کشور محسوب می‌شود. از سوی دیگر، بیشترین سطح زیرکشت در بین کل محصولات زراعی در استان مازندران مربوط به برنج می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: داده‌های مزرعه‌ای مورد نیاز در طول دو فصل کشت برنج رقم دیلمانی در سال‌های 1390 و 1391 از حدود یک هکتار از اراضی شالیزاری تجهیز و نوسازی شهرستان ساری در استان مازندران تهیه ‌شد. از داده‌های سال 1390 برای واسنجی و از داده‌های سال 1391 برای صحت‌سنجی مدل CERES-RICE از بسته نرم‌افزاریDSSAT V4.7.5 استفاده شد. با استفاده از مدل واسنجی شده، اثر سناریوهای مختلف مدیریت آب و کود نیتروژن بر شاخص‌های کارایی مصرف آب (WUE)، کارایی اقتصادی مصرف آبEWP) )، کارایی فیزیولوژیکی مصرف نیتروژن برای تولید دانه (NUEg)، شاخص برداشت (HI) و شاخص برداشت نیتروژن (NHI) برنج بررسی شد. از مدل واسنجی شده برای ارزیابی اثر تلفیقی سه نوع مدیریت آبیاری شامل غرقاب دایم (I1)، آبیاری متناوب با دور 5 روز (I2) و آبیاری متناوب با دور 8 روز (I3) و شش تیمار مدیریت کودیN1 (50% زمان کاشت، 25% زمان پنجه‌زنی و 25% زمان خوشه‌دهی)، N2 (25% زمان کاشت، 50% زمان پنجه‌زنی و 25% زمان خوشه‌دهی)،N3 (25% زمان کاشت، 25%زمان خوشه‌دهی و 50% زمان پنجه‌زنی)، N4 (کوددهی در زمان خوشه‌دهی)، N5 (کوددهی در زمان پنجه‌زنی) و N6 (کوددهی در زمان کاشت)استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: کم‌ترین عملکرد دانه (832 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار I1N6 و بیش‌ترین مقدار آن (3640 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار I3N5 حاصل شد. شبیه‌سازی‌ها نشان داد که تاثیر زمان کوددهی و نوع آبیاری مستقل از یکدیگر نبود. تیمار I3N5، دارای حداکثر HI (39/0)، حداقل تبخیر از سطح خاک (4/173 میلی‌متر)، حداکثر WUE (یک کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب)، حداکثر EWP (104×12 ریال بر مترمکعب)، کمترین تلفات نیترات (47/52 کیلوگرم بر هکتار)، بیشترین جذب کود نیتروژن (99 کیلوگرم بر هکتار)، حداکثر NUEg (یک) و حداقل تنش نیتروژن (05/0) بود. همچنین حداکثر NHI (37/0)، متعلق به تیمار I2N5 بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: براساس نتایج، در مدیریت‌های اعمال شده با توجه به اجزای عملکرد محصول، شاخص برداشت، بهره‌وری آب، کارایی اقتصادی مصرف آب، کارایی مصرف نیتروژن، نیتروژن جذب‌شده، آبشویی نیترات و شاخص برداشت نیتروژن، مدیریت آبیاری با تناوب 8 روز، به عنوان بهترین گزینه از نظر مدیریت آبیاری بود. همچنین، استفاده از تیمار I3N5 به عنوان تیمار برتر تحت دو مدیریت کوددهی و آبیاری در پژوهش حاضر (در دوره 20 تا 50 روز پس از نشاکاری)، از نظر کارایی مصرف آب و نیتروژن مصرفی در شالیزارهای استان توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the influnce of water management and different methods of nitrogen application on rice yield and water use efficiency

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samira Ziaeifar 1
  • Hossein Khozeymehnezhad 2
  • Hassan Alinezhad 3
  • Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali 4
1 1. Ph.D. Student in Water Resources Engineering, Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
2 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. E-mail: hkhozeymeh@birjand.ac.ir
3 . M.Sc. Graduate of Irrigation and Drainage, Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
4 Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Simultaneous improvement of water and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy fields is necessary to reduce the environmental- related issues. Rice, as one of the most important crop, provides the main food of more than half of the world's population. According to the latest available statistics, in the crop year 1396-97, the rice cultivated area the country was 622991 ha, which mainly belongd to the five provinces of Gilan (35.3%), Mazandaran (34.3%), Khuzestan (10.9%), Golestan (9.9%) and Fars (3.4%). Among different provinces, Mazandaran province is the main producer of rice in the country with the production of 1113715 tons of rice. Additionally, rice is the predominant crop in Mazandaran province.
Materials and methods: The required field data of Daylamani rice cultivar were obtained during two rice growing seasons (2011-2012) from one ha consolidated paddy field in Sari, Mazandaran province. Data from 2011 were used for calibration and data from 2012 were used for validation of the CERES-Rice model of DSSAT V4.7.5 software package. By using the validated model, the effect of different scenarios of water and nitrogen fertilizer management on water use efficiency (WUE), economic water use efficiency (EWP), physiological efficiency of nitrogen consumption for grain production (NUEg), harvest index and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) were evaluated. The calibrated model was then applied to evaluate the combined effect of three types of irrigation management including continuous flooding (I1), intermittent irrigation with 5 (I2) and 8 (I3) days irrigation frequency and six N fertilizer management treatments including N1 (50% at planting (P), 25% at tillering (T) and 25% at clustering (C)), N2 (25% at P, 50% at T and 25% C), N3 (25% at P, 25% C and 50% at T), N4 (fertilization at C), N5 (fertilization at T) and N6 (fertilization at P).
Results: The minimum (832 kg/ha) and maximum (3640 kg/ha) grain yield were obtained in I1N6 and I3N5, respectively. The simulations showed that the effect of fertilization time and type of irrigation were not independent of each other. I3N5 resulted in maximum HI (0.39), minimum soil evaporation (173.4 mm), maximum WUE (one kg/m3), maximum EWP (12×104 Rials/m3), minimum nitrate losses (52.47 kg/ha), the highest nitrogen fertilizer uptake (99 kg/ha), maximum NUEg (one) and minimum nitrogen stress (0.05). Also, the maximum NHI (0.37) belonged to the I2N5 treatment.
Conclusion: Based on the results, among the applied managements, according to the components of crop yield, harvest index, water productivity, EWP, NUEg, nitrogen uptake, nitrate leaching and NHI, 8 days irrigation frequency was the best option in terms of irrigation management. Also, the use of I3N5 treatment as a superior combined- treatment under both fertilizer and irrigation management in the present study is recommended in terms of water and N use efficiency in the paddy fields of the province.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water management
  • CERES-RICE model
  • irrigation frequency
  • rice yield
  • nitrogen use efficiency

مراجع

1.FAO. 2014. FAO STATISTICAL YEARBOOK.2014.
2.Ministry of Jahad Agriculture. 2010. Agricultural statistics of the crop year 2017-2018. Volume One, Crops. 87p.
3.Guerra, L.C., Bhuiyan, S.I., Tuong, T.P., and Tuong, R. 1998. Producing More Rice withLess Water. SWIM Paper 5. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
4.Thakur, A.K., Mohanty, R.K., Patil, D.U., and Kumar, A. 2014. Impact of water management on yield and water productivity with system of rice intensification (SRI) and conventional transplanting system in rice. Paddy Water Environ. 12: 413-424.
5.Darzi-Naftchali, A., Karandish, F., and Simunek, J. 2018. Numerical modeling of soil water dynamics in subsurface drained paddies with the midseason drainage or alternate wetting and drying management. Agric. Water Manag. 197: 67-78.
6.Bouman, B.A.M., and Tuong, T.P. 2001. Field water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated lowland rice. Agricultural Water Management. 49: 11-30.
7.Chen, S.K., and Liu, C.W. 2012. Analysis of water movement in paddy rice fields (I) experimental studies. Journal of Hydrology. 260: 206-215.
8.Pathak, B.K., Kazama, F., and Lida, T. 2004. Monitoring of nitrogen leaching from a tropical paddy field in Thailand. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. VI (December), Manuscript LW 04 015.
9.Darzi-Naftchali, A., Mirlatifi, S.M., Shahnazari, A., Ejlali, F., and Mahdian, M.H. 2013. Effect of subsurface drainage on water balance and water table in poorly drained paddy fields. Agric. Water Manage. 130: 61-68.
10.Liaghat, A., Pourgholam Amiji, M., and Mashhouri Nejad, P. 2018. The Effect of Surface and Subsurface Irrigation with Saline Water and Mulch on Corn Yield, Water Productivity and Solute Distribution in the Soil. Journal of Water and Soil. 32: 4. 661-674. (In Persian)
11.Li, Zh., Leighton, H.G., Masuda, K., and Takashima, T. 1993a. Estimation of SW Flux Absorbed at the Surface from TOA Reflected Flux. J. Climat. 6: 2. 317-330.
12.Taghizadeh, M., Esfahani, M., Davangar, N., and Madani, H. 2008. The effect of irrigation cycle and different amounts of nitrogen on yield and yield components of Tarom Hashemi rice in Rasht. Journal of New Agricultural Findings. 4: 2. 353-364. (In Persian)
13.Ashouri, M., Sadeghi, S.M., and Amiri, E. 2009. Investigation of the effects of irrigation cycle and nitrogen fertilizer on rice grain yield. Journal of Biological Sciences. 4: 3. 59-66. (In Persian)
14.Aghajani, M., and Navabyan, M. 2012. Comparison of some optimal indicators of water productivity in intermittent irrigation of Rasht paddy lands. Journal of Water and Soil (Agricultural Sciences and Industries). 5: 26. 1277-1288.
(In Persian)
15.Mote, K., Rao, V.P., Ramulu, V., Kumar, K.A., and Devi, M.U. 2017. Standardization of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method of water management in low land rice (Oryza sativa (L.)). International Journal of Plant Production. 11: 4. 515-532.
16.Godwin, D.C., and Singh, U. 1998. Nitrogen balance and crop response to nitrogen in upland and lowland cropping systems. In Understanding optionsfor agricultural production. Springer.pp. 55-78.
17.Soltani, A., and Hoogenboom, G. 2007. Assessing crop management options with crop simulation models based on generated weather data. Field Crops Research. 103: 3. 198-207.
18.Amiri, E., Rezaei, M., Bannayan, M., and Soufizadeh, S. 2013. Calibration and Evaluation of CERES RiceModel under Different Nitrogen- and Water-Management Options in Semi-Mediterranean Climate Condition. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 44: 12.
19.Jing, Q., Van Keulen, H., Hengsdijk, H., Cao, W., Bindraban, P.S., Dai, T., and Jiang, D. 2009. Quantifying N response and N use efficiency in rice-wheat(RW) cropping systems under different water management. J. Agric. Sci.147: 303-312.
20.Ritchie, J.T., Porter, C.H., Judge, J., Jones, J.W., and Suleiman, A.A. 2009. Extension of an existing model for soil water evaporation and redistribution under high water content conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73: 792-801.
21.Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. 1998. Crop Evapotranspiration- Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements-Fao Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. FAO. 300p.
22.Alinejad, H., Darzi-Naftchali, A., and Saberali, S.F. 2017. Performance Assessment of CERES-Rice Model for Predicting Nitrogen Balance Components During Rice Growing Season in Subsurface- Drained Paddy Fields. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. 11: 2. 263-273. (In Persian)
23.Hatfield, J.L., and Dold, C. 2019.Water-use efficiency: advances and challenges in a changing climate.Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/ fpls.2019.00103.
24.Liu, X., Xu, C., Zhong, X., Li, Y., Yuan, X., and Cao, J. 2017. Comparison of 16 models for reference crop evapotranspiration against weighing lysimeter measurement. Agric Water Manag. 184: 145-155.
25.Karandish, F., Mousavi, S.S., and Tabari, H. 2017. Climate change impact on precipitation and cardinal temperatures in different climatic zones in Iran: analyzing the probable effects on cereal water-use efficiency. Stoch. Env. Res. Risk Assess. 31: 8. 2121-2146.
26.Kavoosi, M., and Yazdany, M.R. 2020. Effect of irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizer rate on grain yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Hashemi. Journal of Iranian Society of Crops and Plant Breeding Sciences.
22: 2. 168-182. (In Persian)
27.Cao, X.C., Wu, L.L., Lu, R.H., Zhu, L.F., Zhang, J.H., and Jin, Q.Y. 2020. Irrigation and fertilization management to optimize rice yield, water productivity and nitrogen recovery efficiency. Irrigation Science. 39: 235-249.
28.Yang, J., and Zhang, J. 2010. Crop management techniques to enhance harvest index in rice. Journal of Experimental Botany. 61: 12. 3177-3189.
29.De Vries, M., Rodenburg, J., V. Bado, B., Sow, A., A. Leffelaar, P., and Giller, E. 2010. Rice production with less irrigation water is possible in a Sahelian environment. Field Crops Research.116: 154-164.
30.Carrers, R.C., Tome, R.G., Sendrea, J., Ballestors, R., Vallente, E.F., Quesada, A., Niera, M., and Leganes, F. 1996. Effect of nitrogen rates on rice growth and biological nitrogen fixation.Journal of Agricultural Science. Camb. 127: 295-302.
31.Davodi, M., Davangar, N., Tehrani, M., Moshiri, F., and Amiri larijani, B. 2014. Integrated soil fertility management and rice nutrition guidelines. Comprehensive program of soil fertility and plant nutrition. pp. 2014-2025. (In Persian)
32.Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Beebout, S., Zhang, H., Liu, L., Yang, J., and Zhang, J. 2016. Grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as influenced by irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen rates. Field Crop Res.
193: 54-69.
33.Yang, F., Xu, X., Wang, W., Ma, J., Wei, D., He, P., Pampolino, M.F.,and Johnston, A.M. 2017. Estimating nutrient uptake requirements for soybean using QUEFTS model inChina. PLOS ONE. 12(5): e0177509.http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177509.
34.Zhang, J., Tong, T., Potcho, P M., Huang, S., Ma, L., and Tang, X. 2021. Nitrogen Effects on Yield, Quality and Physiological Characteristics of Giant Rice. Agronomy. 10: 1816.
35.Gholami Sefidkouhi, M.A., Bagheri Khalili, Z., and Ghalenovi, A. 2021. Investigation of Rice Actual Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients for Shiroudi and Hashemi Cultivars in Sari. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 34: 4.505-516. (In Persian)
36.Akhtar, S.S., Andersen, M.N., andLiu, F. 2014. Biochar enhancesyield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 138: 37-44.
37.Asadi, R., Nasiri, M., and Mohammadyan, N. 2008. Optimal management of water consumption in paddy fields (low water conditions). Permanent Age Publications. 12p. (In Persian)
38.Yaghobi, B., and Rajabyan, M. 2010. A review of direct rice cultivation with emphasis on weed management. Publications of the National Rice Research Institute. Journal No. 37. 52 p. (In Persian)
39.Chu, G.,Wang, Z.Q., Zhang, H., Liu, L.J., Yang, J.C., and Zhang, J.H. 2015. Alternate wetting and moderate drying increases rice yield and reduces methane emission in paddy field with wheat straw residue incorporation. Food Energy Secur. 4: 238-254.
40.Negm, L.M., Youssef, M.A., Skaggs, R.W., Chescheir, G.M., and Kladivko, E.J. 2014a. DRAINMOD-DSSAT Simulation of the Hydrology, Nitrogen Dynamics, and Plant Growth of a Drained Corn Field in Indiana. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 140. 04014026.
41.Alijani Zafarani, M., Naeimi, M., Biabani, A., Rahemi, A., and Gholizadeh, A. 2019. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer installment under various light and temperature conditions on yield and efficiency of nitrogen consumption in durum wheat. Journalof Applied Research in Plant Ecophysiology. 6: 2. 135-147. (In Persian)
42.Zhu, G., Peng, S., Huang, J., Cui, K., Nie, L., and Wang, F. 2016. Genetic Improvements in Rice Yield and Concomitant Increases in Radiation- and Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Middle Reaches of Yangtze River. Scientific reports. 6. 21049. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/srep21049.
43.Muurinen, S., Kleemola, J., and Peltonen-Sainio, P. 2007. Accumulation and translocation of nitrogen in spring cereal cultivars differing in nitrogenuse efficiency. Agronomy Journal.99: 441-449.
44.Jian, Z.P., Wang, F., Li, Z.Z., Chen, Y.T., Ma, X.C., Nie, L.X., Cui, K.H., Peng, S.B., Lin, Y.J., Song, H.Z., Li, Y., and Huang, J.L. 2014. Grain yieldand nitrogen use efficiency responses to N application in Bt (Cry1Ab/Ac) transgenic two-line hybrid rice. Field Crops Research. 155: 184-191.
45.Ye, Q., Zhang, H., Wei, H., et al. 2007. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice under different soil conditions. Frontiers of Agriculture in China. 1: 1. 30-36.
46.Darzi-Naftchali, A., and Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. 2022. Saving environment through improving nutrient use efficiency under intensive use of agrochemicals in paddy fields. Sci. Total Environ. 822: 153487.
47.Pan, J., Liu, Y., Zhong, X., et al.2017. Grain yield, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of riceunder different water managementand fertilizer-N inputs in SouthChina. Agricultural Water Management. 184: 191-200.
48.Djaman, K., Mel, V.C., Diop, L., et al. 2018. Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation regime and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in the Sahel. Water 10, 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ w10060711.
49.Alou, I.N., Laan, M.V.D., Annandale, J.G., and Steyn, J.M. 2020. Water and Nitrogen (N) Use Efficiency of Upland Rice (Oryza sativa L.× Oryza glaberrima Steud.) under Varying N Application Rates. Nitrogen. 1: 151-166.
مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 29، شماره 2
تیر 1401
صفحه 135-154

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار