تعیین غلظت باقی‌مانده و بوم سم شناسی سموم آفت‌کش ارگانوفسفره در آب و خاک شالیزارهای شهرستان رودبار ‏استان گیلان

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری آلودگی محیط زیست، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران.

2 نویسنده مسئول، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران.

3 گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، ایران.

4 گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: آب و خاک از اجزای مهم اکوسیستم بوده و کاهش کیفیت آنها موجب تأثیر بر محیط زیست و کشاورزی ‏می‌شود، لذا ضروری است تا اثرات آفت‌کش‌ها بر منابع آب و خاک مشخص شده و با تعیین سطوح غلظت باقی‌مانده آنها در اراضی ‏کشاورزی بویژه شالیزارها در جهت کنترل و مدیریت آنها اقدام شود. از این رو، هدف از از این مطالعه تعیین و ارزیابی سطح غلظت باقی ‏مانده آفت‌کش‌های ارگانوفسفره در نمونه‌های آب و خاک اراضی شهرستان رودبار و بررسی وضعیت اکوتوکسیکولوژی آنها می‌باشد.‏
مواد و روش‌ها: در این تحقیق، تعدد 12 ایستگاه با استفاده از روش سیستماتیک تصادفی در اراضی شالیزاری شهرستان رودبار تعیین شد. ‏در مجموع، 24 نمونه شامل 12 نمونه آب و 12 نمونه خاک برداشت گردید. نمونه‌برداری از آب در بطری‌های 1 لیتری تیره رنگ و نمونه-‏برداری خاک از لایه سطحی مطابق با روش استاندارد انجام گرفت. تمامی نمونه‌ها درون یخدان حاوی یخ خشک به آزمایشگاه منتقل ‏شدند. اندازه گیری سموم آفت‌کش ارگانوفسفره با استفاده از روش استاندارد ‏EPA 8041b‎‏ صورت گرفت. تمامی آنالیزها توسط دستگاه ‏گازکروماتوگرافی با دتکتور جرمی در شرکت آریا شیمی شریف انجام شد. به منظور بررسی وضعیت اکوتوکسیکولوژی آفت‌کش‌ها از دو ‏پایگاه داده به نام‌های مرکز ملی اطلاعات آفت‌کش‌ها و پایگاه داده ویژگی‌های آفت‌کش‌ها استفاده شد. این دو پایگاه اطلاعاتی وابسته به ‏دانشگاه ایالتی اورگان، آژانس حفاظت از محیط زیست آمریکا و دانشگاه هرتفوردشایر می‌باشند. تحلیل آماری داده‌ها شامل تجزیه واریانس ‏با استفاده از آزمون آنووای یکطرفه، مقایسه میانگین‌ها با استفاده از آزمون دانکن، همبستگی به روش پیرسون و آنالیز مؤلفه‌های اصلی به ‏روش کوواریانس انجام شد. ‏
یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج، در نمونه‌های آب و خاک اراضی شالیزاری رودبار تعداد 11 آفت‌کش ارگانوفسفره شناسایی گردید. اتیون (نام ‏تجاری ستیون) در خاک و دیازینون (نام تجاری بازودین) در آب دارای بیشترین مقدار غلظت باقی‌مانده بودند. ایستگاه‌های شیخعلی ‏طوسه1و2 و میرزاگلبند1 با مقدار 05/4، 99/3 و 49/3 میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم بیشترین مقدار بقایای سم اتیون در خاک را داشتند. همچنین، ‏ایستگاه‌های شیخعلی طوسه2، میرزاگلبند1 و حلیمه‌جان به ترتیب با 96/3، 71/1 و 68/1 میکروگرم بر لیتر دارای بیشترین مقدار آفت‌کش ‏دیازینون در نمونه‌های آب بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اراضی پایین‌دست در محدوده امام‌زاده هاشم در مقایسه با اراضی بالادست در محدوده ‏شهر رودبار دارای غلظت باقی‌مانده و بار آلودگی بیشتری هستند. میانگین غلظت باقی‌مانده در نمونه‌های خاک (987/0 میکروگرم بر ‏کیلوگرم) بیشتر از نمونه‌های آب (304/0 میکروگرم بر لیتر) بدست آمد. بر اساس نتایج آفت‌کش‌های دیازینون، متیل پاراتیون، آزینفوس ‏متیل، مالاتیون و اتیون در ایستگاه‌های مورد مطالعه اختلاف معنی‌داری را نشان دادند. مقایسه میانگین غلظت باقی‌مانده آفت‌کش‌ها با ‏ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی و اکوتوکسیکولوژی آنها نشان داد که از نظر پتانسیل خطر و سمیت برای آبزیان، غلظت آفت‌کش‌های ‏بتاموینفوس، مالاتیون (مالتوس) و آزینفوس متیل (گوزاتیون ام) به ترتیب با 043/0، 573/0 و 272/0 میکروگرم بر لیتر بسیار بالا بوده که این ‏آفت‌کش‌ها را در وضعیت خطر بالا و سمی برای آبزیان منطقه قرار داده است. ‏
نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده بیش از اندازه از سموم در اراضی کشاورزی باعث ایجاد مشکلات زیست محیطی شده است. در نتیجه، پایش و ارزیابی ‏بقایای آفت‌کش‌ها در اراضی شالیزاری بسیار مهم بوده زیرا پساب‌های آلوده از مزارع برنج به طور مستقیم به رودخانه‌ها تخلیه می‌شوند. با ‏توجه به سطوح بالای غلظت باقی‌مانده برخی از آفت‌کش‌های ارگانوفسفره در منطقه ضروری است تا به منظور پیشگیری، کنترل و کاهش ‏آلودگی ضمن نظارت کارشناسان، دوره‌های آموزشی در مورد آشنایی کشاورزان با خطرات آفت‌کش‌ها برگزار گردد. همچنین به منظور ‏مبارزه غیر شیمیایی با آفات، پیشنهاد می شود که از زنبور تریکوگراما بصورت تریکوکارت جهت مبارزه با کرم ساقه خوار برنج، تله های ‏رنگی و مواد جلب کننده در شالیزارها استفاده گردد. ‏

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Determination of residues concentration and ecotoxicology of organophosphorus pesticides ‎in soil and water of paddy fields of Rudbar County in Guilan province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Behrooz Azh Baragoori‎ 1
  • Hasan Karimzadegan 2
  • Mohsen Mohammadi 3
  • Fatemeh Shariati Feizabadi 4
  • Leila Ooshaksaraei 4
1 Ph.D. Student in Environmental Pollution, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
2 Corresponding Author, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
3 Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh-Sara, Iran.
4 Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Since water and soil are important components of the ecosystem ‎and their quality reduction affects the environment and agriculture, it is necessary to determine ‎the effects of pesticides on soil and water resources and determine their residual concentration ‎levels in the land. Agriculture, especially paddy fields, should be controlled and managed. ‎Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine and evaluate the level of residual ‎concentrations of organophosphate pesticides in soil and water samples of Rudbar County and to ‎investigate their ecotoxicological status.‎
Materials and Methods: In this study, the multiplicity of 12 stations was determined using a ‎systematic random method in the paddy lands of Rudbar County. In total, 24 samples including ‎‎12 water samples and 12 soil samples were collected. Water sampling was performed in 1-liter ‎dark-colored bottles and soil sampling was performed from the surface layer according to the ‎standard method. All samples were transferred to a laboratory in a freezer containing dry ice. ‎Organophosphate pesticides were measured using the EPA 8041b standard method. All analyzes ‎were performed by gas chromatography with the mass detector in Aria Shimi Sharif Company. To ‎study the ecotoxicological status of pesticides, two databases named National Pesticide ‎Information Center and Pesticide Properties Database were used. The two databases are affiliated ‎with Oregon State University, the US Environmental Protection Agency, and the University of ‎Hertfordshire. Statistical analysis of the data included analysis of variance using one-way ‎ANOVA test, comparison of means using Duncan's test, correlation using Pearson's method, and ‎analysis of principal components using the covariance method.‎
Results: Based on the results, 11 organophosphate pesticides were identified in water and soil ‎samples of Rudbar paddy fields. Ethion in soil and Diazinon in the water had the highest residual ‎concentrations. Sheikh Ali Tues 1 and 2 and Mirzagolband 1 stations with the values of 4.55, ‎‎3.99 and 3.49 ug/kg had the highest amount of Ethion toxin residues in the soil. In addition, ‎Sheikh Ali Tues 2, Mirzagolband 1, and Halimeh-Jan stations with 3.96, 1.71, and 1.68 ug/L, ‎respectively, had the highest amount of Diazinon pesticide in water samples. The results showed ‎that the downstream lands in the area of Imamzadeh-Hashem compared to the upstream lands in ‎Rudbar city have a higher concentration and load of pollution. The mean concentration remaining ‎in soil samples (0.987 ug/kg) was higher than in water samples (0.304 ug/L). Based on the results ‎of pesticides Diazinon, Methyl Parathion, Azinphos Methyl, Malathion, and Ethion in the studied ‎stations showed a significant difference. A comparison of the mean residual concentrations of ‎pesticides with their physicochemical and ecotoxicological properties showed that in terms of ‎potential risk and toxicity for aquatic organisms, the concentrations of BetaMevinephos, ‎Malathion, and Azinphos Methyl pesticides were 0.043, 0.573, and 0.272 ug/kg, respectively. Has ‎been very high, which has put these pesticides in a situation of high and toxic danger to aquatic ‎organisms in the region.‎
Conclusion: Extreme use of pesticides on agricultural land has caused environmental problems. ‎As a result, monitoring and evaluation of pesticide residues in paddy fields are very important ‎because contaminated effluents are discharged directly from rice fields into rivers, depending on ‎several factors. Due to the high levels of residual concentrations of some organophosphate ‎pesticides in the region, it is necessary to hold training courses on farmers' familiarity with the ‎dangers of pesticides to prevent, control, and reduce pollution under the supervision of experts. ‎Also, to fight non-chemically against pests, it is suggested to use the Trichogramma bee in the ‎form of Trichocart to fight the rice stem-eating worm, colored traps, and attractants in paddy ‎fields.‎

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ecotoxicology
  • Organophosphate
  • Paddy field
  • Pesticide
  • Pollution‎
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