مروری بر افزودنی‌های مورداستفاده در حفاظت خاک‌وآب در ایران

نوع مقاله : مروری (مدعو)

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، استاد گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران.

2 دانش‌آموخته دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تخریب سرزمین به شکل فرسایش خاک یکی از مشکلات محیطی در جهان و ایران است. فرسایش خاک یکی از فرآیندهای اصلی است که منجر به تخریب سرزمین می‌شود. امروزه مواد افزودنی و اصلاح‌گرهای متنوعی باهدف حفظ خاک‌وآب در کشور مورداستفاده قرارگرفته است. لذا آگاهی از انواع افزودنی‌های خاک و عملکرد آن‌ها در حفاظت منابع خاک‌وآب و مدیریت جامع حوزه‌های آبخیز ضروری است. بر همین اساس پژوهش حاضر باهدف ارائه اطلاعات جامع از پیشینه و جدیدترین مطالعات انجام‌شده در خصوص استفاده از افزودنی‌های آلی، غیرآلی و زیستی خاک و ارزیابی اثرات مختلف و تعیین عملکرد و کاربرد آن‌ها در حفاظت خاک‌وآب انجام‌شده است.
مواد و روش‌ها: بررسی کاربرد افزودنی‌ها در حفاظت خاک‌وآب در شرایط مختلف بر مؤلفه‌های مختلف فرسایش و حفاظت خاک توسط پژوهش‌گران مختلف در کشور با استفاده از بازنگری و مرور کلیه مطالعات و پژوهش‌های مستند شده در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی و مستخرج از مقالات مجله‌ای، همایش‎ها، گزارش‌های اجرایی و پژوهشی و رساله‌ها و پایان‌نامه‌های مرتبط انجام‌شده است. سپس بازخوانی، تحلیل و جمع‌بندی‎های لازم 75 مستند برای ارزیابی‌ کاربرد افزودنی‌های مختلف در جنبه‌های مختلف با لحاظ نوع افزودنی، دامنه استفاده، محیط آزمایش، متغیر مطالعاتی و گستره کاربرد به‌صورت تاریخی صورت گرفته است. سپس جمع‌بندی نهایی کیفی از نتایج صورت گرفت.
یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر، استفاده از تثبیت‌کننده‌ها و افزودنی‌های خاک از قبیل مواد آلی، غیرآلی و زیستی به‌منظور افزایش حد آستانه‌ فرسایش‌پذیری و کاهش فرسایش آبی خاک به‌خوبی مورداستفاده قرارگرفته است. یافته‌های حاصل از پژوهش‌های صورت گرفته نشان داد که عملکرد افزودنی‌ها ازنظر نوع، نحوه کاربرد، مقیاس مورداستفاده و نوع خاک متفاوت بوده‌اند. هم‌چنین یافته‌های به‌دست‌آمده در خصوص کاربرد افزودنی‌ها دلالت بر استفاده و عملکرد مؤثر انواع افزودنی‌ها در حفاظت خاک‌وآب داشته است. بااین‌حال محدودیت‌های اقتصادی، محیط‌زیستی، بهداشتی، اجرایی، عملکردی و فنی، به‌عنوان چالش‌های اساسی در کاربرد هر یک از افزودنی‌های مرسوم معرفی‌شده‌اند. با توجه به محدودیت‌های برشمرده برای به‌کارگیری تثبیت‌کننده‌ها، استفاده از جایگزین‎های زیستی و دوستدار محیط‌زیست برای افزایش اثربخشی زمینه‎سازی شرایط ایجاد تعادل و پایداری محیط‌زیست خاک مورد تأکید قرارگرفته است.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به استفاده گسترده از انواع افزودنی‌ها، امکان‌سنجی کاربرد افزودنی‌های دوستدار محیط‌زیست و با تأکید بر مدیریت پسماندهای صنایع مادر از طریق انجام مطالعات و پژوهش‌های تکمیلی در ضرورت تدبیر مناسب و متناسب و طبعاً سازگار با محیط‌زیست در طولانی‌مدت را ایجاب می‌کند. باوجوداین، انجام پژوهش‌های تکمیلی در زمینه کاربرد افزودنی‌های مختلف حاصل از استفاده مستقیم و یا تغییرشکل‌یافته پسماندهای صنایع مهم با رعایت جنبه‌های مختلف محیط‌زیستی، اقتصادی، بوم‌شناختی و حتی زیبایی‌شناختی و در مقیاس‌های مختلف برای جمع‌بندی لازم و هم‌چنین تدوین دستورالعمل‌های اجرایی مناسب، ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

An Overview of Amendments Used in Soil and Water Conservation in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi 1
  • Sudabeh Gharemahmoodli 2
1 Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.
2 Ph.D. Graduate in Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Soil erosion is a kind of land degradation that is one of the world's environmental issues. One of the most common causes of land degradation is soil erosion. Various additives and amendments are being employed in order to safeguard the country's water and land. As a result, understanding diverse soil additives and their roles in the conservation of soil and water resources, as well as complete watershed management, is critical. As a result, the purpose of this study was to provide comprehensive information on the background and recent studies on the use of organic, inorganic, and biological soil additives, as well as to evaluate various effects and determine their performance and application in erosion control and soil and water conservation.
Materials and Methods: All studies and research on the application of amendments in soil and water conservation in different conditions on various components of soil erosion and conservation in Iran were documented in databases and extracted from journal articles, conferences, executive reports, and related research, and theses and dissertations were investigated. The relevant 75 documents were then chronologically evaluated, analyzed, and summarized in order to assess the usage of various amendments in many areas, including the kind of amendments, the scope of use, the experimental setting, and the research variables. The necessary conclusions were ultimately drawn qualitatively.
Results: The use of soil stabilizers and amendments such as organic, inorganic, and biological elements to enhance the erodibility threshold and prevent soil water erosion has been widely documented based on the findings of this study. According to research findings, the performance of amendments varied depending on the kind, manner of application, scale, and soil type. In addition, the findings on the usage of amendments revealed that various additions are used and work well in soil and water conservation. However, adopting any of the customary changes has been noted as a considerable difficulty due to economic, environmental, health, administrative, functional, and technical restrictions. The use of biologically and ecologically friendly alternatives to boost the efficiency of the conditions for balancing and stabilizing the soil environment has been stressed due to the aforementioned constraints for the use of amendments.
Conclusion: Because of the widespread use of amendments, the feasibility of using environmentally friendly amendments, and emphasizing waste management in the primary industry through additional studies and research, there is a need for proper and appropriate measures that are naturally environmentally friendly in the long term. Nevertheless, additional research on the application of various amendments resulting from the direct or modified use of significant industrial wastes with respect to various aspects of environmental, economic, ecological, and even aesthetic and at different scales is necessary to summarize and develop appropriate executive instructions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil conservation
  • Soil cover
  • Soil erosion
  • Soil modifiers
  • Soil stabilizers

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 29، شماره 1
فروردین 1401
صفحه 1-30

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