ارزیابی تاثیر اقدامات آبخیزداری بر توزیع اندازه ذرات و مقادیر فسفر و کربن آلی رسوبات (مطالعه موردی: حوزه‌های آبخیز زوجی زیدشت طالقان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده منابع طبیعی

2 دانشکده کشاورزی

3 دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران

4 دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بندرعباس

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: فرسایش خاک از جمله عواملی بوده که می‌تواند باعث کاهش نفوذپذیری خاک در حوزه‌های آبخیز و در نتیجه آن افزایش خطر سیل شود. همچنین فرسایش موجب جدا شدن و انتقال خاک حاصل‌خیز سطحی از عرصه‌های طبیعی شده و پتانسیل تولیدات اراضی را از نظر پوشش و تنوع زیستی گیاهی، تضعیف می‌کند. رسوبات حاصل از آن نیز باعث آلودگی آب‌های سطحی و پرشدن مخازن سدها می‌شود. در د‌هه های اخیر اقدامات آبخیزداری مختلفی از جمله احداث بندهای رسوب‌گیر و اقدامات حفاظتی مانند قرق و حفاظت پوشش گیاهی در عرصه‌های آبخیز به منظور کاهش اثرات فرسایش در سراسر کشور صورت گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی تاثیر اقدامات آبخیزداری بر پوشش گیاهی، مقدار رسوب و فسفر، کربن آلی و دانه بندی رسوبات در حوزه آبخیز زوجی زیدشت طالقان انجام گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: منطقه مورد مطالعه حوزههای آبخیز زوجی زیدشت طالقان واقع در استان البرز است که شامل زیرحوضه شاهد و زیرحوضه نمونه به ترتیب با مساحت 92 و 104 هکتار میباشد. با استفاده از نقشه‌های توپوگرافی 1:25000 و پیمایش میدانی در محدوده‌های مرتعی، نسبت به تشخیص و تفکیک تیپ‌های مرتعی از یکدیگر اقدام شد. همچنین درصد تاج‌پوشش، درصد سنگ و سنگریزه، درصد خار و خاشاک و درصد خاک لخت نیز در 35 پلات موجود در زیرحوزه‌های آبخیز نمونه و شاهد اندازه گیری شده و میانگین هر یک از این عوامل محاسبه شد. مقدار رسوب نیز از طریق اندازه گیری حجم کل رسوبات انباشت شده در مخزن رسوبگیر خروجی هر دو زیرحوضه و وزن مخصوص ظاهری رسوبات اندازه گیری شد. از رسوبات هر یک از مخازن خروجی زیرحوزه آبخیز نیز تعداد 3 نمونه برداشت شد و مقادیر فسفر کل، کربن آلی و توزیع اندازه ذرات با سه تکرار در آنها اندازه گیری شد. مقدار کل فسفر خروجی و کربن آلی خروجی از حوزه نیز با داشتن وزن کل رسوبات و مقادیر فسفرکل و کربن آلی نمونه‌ها محاسبه شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج ارزیابی پوشش گیاهی نشان داد که درصد پوشش گیاهی در زیرحوضه نمونه (9/53) 7/8 درصد بیشتر از زیرحوضه شاهد (2/45) بوده است. نتایج ارزیابی رسوبات خروجی نشان داد که مقدار رسوب خروجی در زیرحوضه نمونه (520/5 تن) 72 درصد کمتر از زیرحوضه شاهد (06/34 تن) بوده است. به عبارتی سهم زیرحوضه شاهد 05/86 درصد و زیرحوضه نمونه 95/13 درصد از کل رسوبات مخازن در خروجی زیرحوضه‌ها بوده است. نتایج توزیع اندازه ذرات نیز نشان داد که درصد ذرات با قطر کوچکتر از mm5/0 در زیرحوضه نمونه (8/26) به میزان 6/18 درصد بیشتر از زیرحوضه شاهد (2/8) بوده است که نشان دهنده کمتر بودن قدرت جریان رواناب در زیرحوضه نمونه در فرسایش و انتقال رسوب می‌باشد. همچنین مقدار کل کربن آلی ( kg26/40) و کل فسفر (kg44/13) در رسوبات زیرحوضه نمونه به ترتیب 81/11 و 88/70 درصد کمتر از کربن آلی ( kg09/51) و کل فسفر (kg82/78) در رسوبات زیرحوضه شاهد بوده است.
نتیجه‌گیری: اقدامات آبخیزداری از انتقال رسوب و خاک حاصلخیز به پایین دست به خصوص از انباشت آن در مخزن سد طالقان جلوگیری کرده است. با اینکه این عناصر در حوزه آبخیز باعث افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک، بهبود تغذیه گیاه، افزایش نفوذپذیری خاک و ایجاد شرایط تقویتی برای گیاه و خاک می‌شوند، اگر در اثر فرسایش به پایین دست و رودخانه اصلی حوزه آبخیز وارد شوند نقش عکس داشته و باعث آلایندگی و کاهش کیفیت آب خواهند شد که هزینههای جبران آن، در مقایسه با هزینه‌های اندک اجرای اقدامات آبخیزداری، بسیار زیاد خواهد گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of watershed management measures effects on particle size distribution and phosphorus and organic carbon amounts in sediments (Case study: Zidasht Taleghan paired watersheds)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Majid Kazemzadeh 1
  • Mohammad Jahantigh 2
  • Zahra Noori 3
  • Asghar Bayat 3
  • Ali Asghar Elyasi 4
1 دانشگاه تهران
2 دانشگاه تهران
3 Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran
4 Faculty of Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas Branch
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Soil erosion is one of the factors that can reduce soil permeability in watersheds and thus increase the risk of floods. Plant biodiversity is weakening and the sediments pollute the surface water and fill dam reservoirs. In recent decades, various watershed management measures have been taken, including the construction of sediment dams and conservation measures such as exclosure in watersheds to reduce the effects of erosion throughout the country. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of watershed management measures on vegetation, sediment and phosphorus content, organic carbon and sediment granulation in Zidasht Taleghan paired watershed.
Materials and Methods: The study area is Zidasht Taleghan paired watersheds located in Alborz province, which includes control watershed and treated watershed with an area of 92 and 104 hectares, respectively. Using 1: 25000 topographic maps and field survey in rangeland areas, vegetation types were identified and studied. Also, percentage of canopy cover, rocks and, biomass and bare soil percentage were measured in 35 plots in sample and control watersheds and the average of each factor was calculated. The amount of sediment was also measured by measuring the total volume of sediment accumulated in the reservoir tank of both areas. Three samples were taken from the sediments of each outlet of the watershed and the amounts of total phosphorus, organic carbon and particle size distribution were measured in them. The total amount of phosphorus and organic carbon output from the watersheds was also calculated.
Results: The results of vegetation assessment showed that the percentage of vegetation in the treated watershed (53.9) was about 8.7% higher than the control watershed (45.2). The results of evaluation of outflow sediments showed that the amount of outflow sediment in the treated watershed (520.5 tons) was about 72% less than the control watershed (34.06 tons). In other words, the portion of the control watershed was 86.05% and the treated watershed was 13.95% of the total reservoir sediments in the output of the watersheds. The results of particle size distribution also showed that the percentage of particles with a diameter less than 0.5 mm in the treated watershed (26.8) was 18.6% higher than the control watershed (8.2). Also, the amount of total organic carbon (40.26 kg) and total phosphorus (13.44 kg) in the sediments of the treated watershed were 11.81 and 70.88% less than organic carbon (51.9 kg) and total phosphorus (78.82 kg) of control watershed, respectively.
Conclusion: Watershed management measures have prevented the transfer of sediment and fertile soil to downstream, especially in the reservoir of Taleghan Dam. Although these elements in the watershed increase soil fertility, improve plant nutrition, increase soil permeability and create strengthening conditions for plants and soil, if they enter the downstream and the main river due to erosion, they will have the opposite role and cause pollution and reduction. The cost of improving water quality will be compensated with implementing watershed management measures, due to the low cost of implementing watershed management measures.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Erosion and sediment
  • Particle size distribution
  • Phosphorus
  • Paired watershed
  • Zidasht Taleghan
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