بررسی تأثیر آبیاری با آب دریای خزر بر عملکرد کینوا رقم ساجاما در شرایط آب و هوایی گرگان

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: گیاه کینوا (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) گیاهی از خانواده Amaranthaceae است که حداقل 5000 سال قبل در ارتفاعات بولیوی و پرو کشت شده و اهلی شده است. کینوا گیاهی با ارزش غذایی مطلوب و پتانسیل رشد و تولید در شرایط نامساعد محیطی است که در برابر شوری بالایی دارد. استفاده از آب دریا در کشاورزی موجب افزایش درامد کشاورزان، تولید پایدار و امنیت غذایی می‌شود؛ بنابراین این تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثر مدیریت‌های اختلاطی آب دریا با آب شهری بر خواص رشدی گیاه کینوا رقم Sajama انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور بررسی تقلیل شوری آب دریا بر رشد وعملکرد گیاه کینوا رقم Sajama، تحقیق حاضر در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار و بر پایه کشت گلدانی در شرایط گلخانه‌ای در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان در سال 1395 انجام شد. تیمارهای مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شامل 5 سطح شوری (آب چاه (5/0 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر S1)، 15 (3/4 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر S2)، 30 (0/8 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر S3)، 45 (8/11 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر S4) و 60 درصد اختلاط آب دریا و آب چاه (5/15 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر S5)) بود. پس از رسیدن گیاهان به مرحله شش برگی، 5 تیمار آب شور بر روی گیاهان اعمال شد (S1، S2، S3، S4 و S5) و گیاهان با آن آبیاری شدند. تنش شوری در ابتدا با آبیاری با آب شور حاصل از اختلاط 15 درصدی آب دریا و چاه در گلدان‌ها اعمال شده و به صورت تدریجی شوری آب آبیاری تا رسیدن به تیمارهای مورد بررسی افزایش یافت. پس از 85 روز از جوانه‌زنی گیاهان برداشت شده و ارتفاع بوته؛ وزن تر ساقه، برگ و سنبله؛ عملکرد دانه و سنبله؛ وزن هزاردانه، تعداد شاخه فرعی و سنبله اندازه‌گیری شد. اندام‌های هوایی به مدت 48 ساعت و در دمای 70 درجه سانتی‌گراد در آون خشک شده و پس از آن بیومس اندام هوایی اندازه‌گیری شد. برای وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه، دانه‌ها از سنبله جدا شده و توزین شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مدیریت‌های آبیاری بر وزن تر ساقه، سنبله و برگ، عملکرد دانه و سنبله، وزن هزار دانه و ارتفاع در سطح یک درصد معنی‌دار شده، ولی بر تعداد سنبله و شاخه فرعی در سطح احتمال 5 درصد معنی‌دار شد. بیشترین میزان وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه و سنبله به‌ترتیب در تیمار شاهد با 8/4، 93/15 و 52/18 گرم در بوته بود. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش شوری آب آبیاری منجر به کاهش برخی صفات رشد و عملکرد گیاه کینوا نظیر وزن تر ساقه ، برگ و سنبله؛ عملکرد دانه و سنبله؛ وزن هزاردانه، تعداد شاخه فرعی و سنبله شده است. با توجه به اینکه در اکثر صفات آبیاری با اختلاط 15 و 30 درصد آب دریا و آب شهری نسبت به تیمارهای دیگر منجر به افت کمتر شده، لذا این تیمار جهت آبیاری گیاه کینوا در شرایط آبیاری با آب شور دریای خزر توصیه می‌شود. تیمار 15 و 30 درصدی اختلاط آب دریا و آب شهری به‌ترتیب منجر به کاهش 9/22 و 1/27 درصدی وزن هزار دانه شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: آبیاری با آب شور منجر به کاهش در رشد و عملکرد گیاه کینوا در مقایسه با آبیاری با آب چاه گردید، به عبارت دیگر تنش شوری منجر به کاهش خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و عملکردی گیاه شد. بیشترین مقدار در اکثر صفات مورد بررسی در شرایط استفاده از آب شور در اعمال آبیاری با آب شور 3/4 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر مشاهده شده است و نتایج نشان از مقاومت بالای کینوا در برابر تنش شوری دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of irrigation with Caspian Seawater on Yield of Quinoa (c.v. Sajama) in Gorgan, northeastern Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Khalil Ghorbani 1
  • Saber Jamali 2
1 Associate Professor, Water science and Engineering department, Gorgan university of Agriculture science and Natural resource, Gorgan, Iran.
2 PhD candidate, Water Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and objectives: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a species belonging to the family Amaranthaceae s.l., domesticated at least 5000 years ago in the Bolivian-Peruvian highlands. Quinoa is a nutritious herb with favorable nutrition and potential for growth and production in adverse environmental conditions that can withstand salinity. Use of sea water in agriculture will increase farmers' income, sustainable production and food security. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixed management of seawater with freshwater on the growth properties of quinoa Sajama cultivar.
Materials and methods: To investigate the reduction of seawater salinity on growth and yield of quinoa Sajama cultivar, this study was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications and based on potted cultivation in greenhouse conditions at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2016. At sixth-leaf stage, plants were exposed to 5 saline irrigation treatments, i.e., the control treatment (S1: 0.5 dS.m-1), 15 (S2: 4.3 dS.m-1), 30 (S3: 8.0 dS.m-1), 45 (S4: 11.8 dS.m-1), and 60 percent mixture of seawater and tap water (S5: 15.5 dS.m-1). Salinity stress was initially applied by irrigating the pots with saline water resulting from a mixture of 15% of the sea and tap water, and gradually the salinity of irrigation water increased until reaching the treatments being studied. After eighty-five days of germination, plants were harvested and plant height stem, leaf, and panicle fresh weights, no.of branches and inflorescence, grain and panicle yield, and 1000-kernel weight/plant. Shoot were oven dry for 48 h at 70 C and shoot biomass was recorded. Grains were collected from panicle to record 1000-grains weight and grain yield/plant.
Results: The results inducted the effect of different moderation of irrigation regimes on the stem, leaf, and panicle fresh weights, grain and panicle yield, 1000-kernel weights, and plant height were highly significant (P<0.01), but branches and panicle number were significant at the 5 percent levels (P<0.05). The highest amount of 1000 kernel weights, grain, and panicle yield (4.8, 15.93, and 18.52 gr) were measured at irrigation by freshwater The results showed that increasing the salinity of irrigation water decreased some traits of growth and yield (stem, leaf, and panicle fresh weights, no.of branches and inflorescence, grain and panicle yield, 1000-kernel weight/plant, and plant height). Because in most irrigation traits mixing 15 and 30% of seawater and freshwater has resulted in less decline compared to other treatments, this treatment is recommended to irrigate quinoa in irrigation conditions with saline water of the Caspian Sea. Fifteen and 30 percent mixture of seawater and freshwater has resulted in decreasing 1000-kernel weights 22.9 and 27.1 percent, respectively.
Conclusion: In conclusion, saline irrigation provoked a decrease in quinoa plant growth and yield compared with non-saline irrigation; meaning that the morphological properties and yield of quinoa plants will be decreased due to salt stress. In conclusion, the highest values in most of the morphological traits were observed when using salinity irrigation water at a rate of 4.3 dS m-1 to irrigate quinoa plant under greenhouse conditions, which proves the high resistance of quinoa to salinity stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • 1000 kernel weights
  • Greenhouse condition
  • Mixture of water regimes
  • Quinoa
  • Seawater

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 28، شماره 2
تیر 1400
صفحه 63-81

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