اثر سیستم‌های آبیاری سطحی و قطره‌ای بر انتقال آلاینده در یک خاک‌ درز و ترک‌دار

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه شهرکرد

2 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه شهرکرد

3 استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه شهرکرد

4 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان (خوراسگان)، ایران

5 استادیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه شهرکرد

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: بررسی بیلان جرم آلاینده انتقال یافته ‌در پروفیل خاک در مدیریت‌های طولانی مدت عملیات کشاورزی ضرروی است. لذا این پژوهش با هدف بررسی میزان تاثیرگذاری درز و ترک بر جریان ترجیحی، زمان انتقال ترجیحی آلاینده نیترات و بیلان جرمی انتقال یافته در دو سیستم‌ آبیاری مختلف طراحی گردید.
مواد و روش‌ها: بدین منظور در این پژوهش، 9 ستون‌ PVC به ارتفاع 60 سانتی‌متر و قطر 16 سانتی‌متر استفاده شد. هر ستون از خاک لوم-رسی به ارتفاع 50 سانتی‌متر پر گردید و دو بخش درز و ترک به عرض 1 سانتی‌متر و پر شده با شن درشت با قطر 710 میکرومتر در طول ستون خاک ایجاد شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل دو دسته، تیمار اصلی درز و ترک و تیمار فرعی سیستم آبیاری بود. تیمارهای اصلی در سه سطح عبارت بودند از: بدون درز و ترک (M)، عدم ارتباط جانبی بین درز و ترک و خاک (MC-S)، ارتباط کامل بین درز و ترک و خاک (MC-C). عبارت بودند از آبیاری سطحی (SI) و آبیاری قطره‌ای سطحی با دبی‌ 2 و 4 لیتر در ساعت
(DI4 & DI2). برنامه آبیاری شامل 1 ساعت تزریق آب مقطر، 2 ساعت تزریق محلول نمکی (176 و 8/61 میلی‌گرم یون خالص نیترات و کلراید) و 4 ساعت تزریق آب مقطر بود. قبل از شروع، تمام ستون‌های آزمایش به مدت 5 ساعت تارسیدن به شرایط اشباع کامل آبیاری شدند. زه‌آب خروجی در زمان 15، 30 و 60 دقیقه به صورت مجزا از ماتریکس خاک و درز و ترک جمع‌آوری شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد بیلان جرم نیترات و کلراید انتقال یافته SI و DI4 تفاوت چندانی نداشتند. نیترات زه‌آب در سیستم آبیاری DI2 تقریبا نصف SI و DI4 بود. درحالی که جرم کلراید انتقال یافته در سیستم آبیاری DI2 بیشتر از سایر سیستم‌های آبیاری بود. نتایج نشان داد که زمان سفر کلراید بویژه در درز و ترک MC-C کوتاهتر از نیترات است. نتایج نشان داد که جرم نیترات و کلراید از بخش درز و ترک بیش از 5/1 برابر سایر تیمارها بود که تاکیدی بر نقش جریانات از درز و ترک در خاک‌های یک منطقه در انتقال آلاینده نیترات و کلراید به سمت آبهای زیرزمینی می‌باشد.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد در جریان‌های سریع آب مثل SI، بیلان جرمی نیترات انتقال یافته بیشتر و در جریانات کندتر آب مثل DI2، بیلان جرمی کلراید آبشویی شده بیشتر بود. جریان‌های ترجیحی بویژه در تیمارهای دارای تبادلات کامل بین ماتریکس خاک و درز و ترک بیشتر رخ داد و در زمان انتقال کلراید در مقایسه با نیترات جریان‌های ترجیحی بیشتر نقش داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of drip and surface irrigation systems on contaminant transport in a soil affected by cracking pathway

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zohreh Nazem 1
  • Sayyed-Hassan Tabatabaei 2
  • Ali reza Hosseinpur 3
  • Payam Najafi 4
  • Mahdi Ghobadinia 5
1 Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Water Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekpord, Iran,
2 Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekpord, Iran
3 Professor, Dept. of Soil Science and Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekpord, Iran
4 Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad Univercity, Isfahan, Iran
5 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekpord, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The contaminant mass balance in a soil profile is highly necessary in long term agriculture management under different irrigation systems. The objective of this research was assessment of the preferential flow on the travel time and mass balance of NO3 under two irrigation systems.
Materials and methods: Nine PVC-columns were employed with a 60 cm length and 16 cm diameter. Each column included 50 cm height of clay loam soil and two cracks with 50 cm length and 1 cm diameter that filled by course sand. The treatments were based on two groups at three levels. The main group was crack: soil with blocked cracks (M); soil with remove lateral infiltration to cracks (MC-S); soil with lateraled and vertical correlation and infiltration with cracks (MC-C). The subgroup was irrigation systems: surface irrigation (SI) with 2 cm water constant height and surface drip irrigation system (DI4 & DI2) with 2 and 4 l/h flux, respectively. Each experiment column was irrigated for 6 hours (1 h with distilled water; 2h with solution consist of 176 (mg) of NO3 and 61.8 (mg) of Cl in 1 liter distilled water and finally 3 h with distilled water). Before start of experiment, each column was irrigated with distilled water for 5 h to reach saturation condition. The drainage water separately collected from soil and cracks every 15, 30 and 60 min.
Results: The results showed the value of mass balance of NO3 and Cl in SI and DI4 irrigation systems were more similarity. Based on the results, the mass of NO3 of drainage water in M inDI2 was approximately half in compare to SI and DI4. Whiles, this mass of Cl that transported under DI2was more in compare to SI and DI4. Also, the travel time of Cl in MC-C treatment, in crack section, was shorter of NO3. On the other hand, the results show the mass balance of these anions that transported from crack section in the most of the treatments was 1.5 times more. It indicates vertical flows in course paths of crack have the main role to move and transport of contaminants such as and Cl toward groundwater.
Conclusion: Over all, under high water velocity as SI, NO3 is transporting more rapidly but under condition with low water velocity like as DI2 with longer time of unsaturation condition, Cl is leaching more. The preferential flows in treatment with full interaction between soil matrix and cracks were happen more. Also, the preferential flow has stronger role to transport of Cl than NO3.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Surface drip irrigation
  • Mass balance
  • Preferential flow
  • NO3
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