بررسی تأثیر کوتاه مدت گیاهان پوششی بر خصوصیات فیزیکی و زیستی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

2 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

3 گروه علوم خاک و فیزیولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی استاک بریج، دانشگاه ماساچوست ، ماساچوست، آمریکا

4 دانشگاه محق اردبیلی- دانشکده کشاورزی- گروه خاکشناسی

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: گیاهان پوششی یک استراتژی برای تقویت سلامت و کیفیت خاک در سیستم‌های کشاورزی می‌باشد. ارتباط گیاهان پوششی با فعالیت‌های زیستی خاک جزء مهمی از سلامت خاک است. گیاهان پوششی از طریق تأثیر بر کربن آلی خاک بسیاری از ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. علاوه بر این از طریق رشد و ایجاد پوشش مناسب در سطح خاک مانع از هدررفت عناصر غذایی می‌گردد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقایسه اثر تیمارهای مختلف گیاهان پوششی به-صورت تک‌کشتی و کشت مخلوط بر بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی و زیستی خاک در کوتاه‌مدت بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور بررسی تأثیر کشت گیاهان پوششی بر برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و زیستی خاک آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال 1396 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کشت چاودار (Secale cereal)، خلر (Lathyrus sativus) و ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای (Vicia villosa) به‌صورت تک‌کشتی (100 درصد) و کشت مخلوط دوگانه و سه‌گانه به ترتیب با نسبت‌های بذر 50 و 3/33 درصد بود. مبنای میزان بذر مصرفی در کشت خالص برای گیاه چاودار، خلر و ماشک‌گل‌خوشه‌ای به ترتیب 100، 25 و 25 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین زیست‌توده گیاهان پوششی (530 گرم در متر مربع) در تیمار تک‌کشتی چاودار و کمترین زیست‌توده گیاهان پوششی در تک‌کشتی ماشک‌گل‌خوشه‌ای و کشت مخلوط ماشک‌گل‌خوشه‌ای+ خلر (به ترتیب 5/85 و 6/91 گرم در متر مربع) در زمان خاتمه دادن به رشد گیاهان پوششی به‌دست آمد. همچنین نتایج مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد که بیشترین ماده آلی(53/0 درصد) و جمعیت میکروبی خاک (2600000 عدد در گرم) از تیمار کشت مخلوط چاودار+ خلر+ ماشک‌گل-خوشه‌ای به‌دست آمد. ماده آلی خاک در مقایسه با تیمار کنترل بدون گیاه پوششی در کشت مخلوط چاودار+ ماشک‌گل‌خوشه‌ای + خلر 3/11 درصد افزایش داشت. بیشترین تعداد کرم‌های خاکی براساس نتایج بدست آمده به تیمار تک‌کشتی چاودار تعلق داشت. بطور متوسط کرم‌های خاکی در کل تیمارهای گیاهان پوششی نسبت به کنترل بدون گیاه پوششی 5/80 درصد افزایش نشان داد. همچنین کمترین میزان جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک مربوط به تیمار کشت مخلوط چاودار+ ماشک‌گل‌خوشه‌ای 01/1 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مکعب بود. جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک در کشت مخلوط چاودار+ خلر نسبت به تیمار کنترل 17/6 درصد کاهش یافت. گیاهان پوششی زمان لازم برای نفوذ آب به خاک را کاهش داد. کمترین زمان لازم برای نفوذ آب به خاک در حین و خاتمه رشد گیاهان پوششی به‌ترتیب از تیمارهای تک‌کشتی ماشک‌گل‌خوشه‌ای 39/8 ثانیه و کشت مخلوط چاودار+ خلر 99/4 ثانیه به‌دست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: گیاهان پوششی چه به‌صورت تک‌کشتی و یا مخلوط حتی در یک فصل رشد خصوصیات فیزیکی و زیستی خاک را بهبود بخشید. چاودار و ماشک‌گل‌خوشه‌ای در کشت مخلوط دوگانه و سه‌گانه بیشترین تأثیر را داشت.
واژه کلیدی: جمعیت میکروبی خاک، زیست‌توده گیاهان پوششی، سلامت خاک، کربن آلی خاک، کرم‌های خاکی.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the short time effect of cover crops on physical and biological properties of soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Ahmadnia 1
  • Ali Ebadi 2
  • Masoud Hashemi 3
  • Akbar Ghavidel 4
1 Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and natural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and natural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3 Stockbridge School of Agriculture, Plant and Soil Sciences/Crop Physiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
4 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardebil, Ardebil, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Cover crops are a strategy for enhancing the soil health and quality in agricultural systems. The relationship between cover crops and soil biological activity is an important component of soil health. Cover crops affect many of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil through soil organic carbon. Additionally, they prevent the loss of soil nutrients by quickly growth and creating a suitable plant canopy on the soil surface. The aim of this study was comparing the effect of mono and mixed cropping of cover crops on soil physical and biological properties improvement on short term condition.

Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effect of cover crops on some physical and biological properties of the soil an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2017. Experimental treatments were monoculture of rye (Secale cereal), chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) (100%) and their dual and triple intercropping with 50% and 33.3% seed proportions, respectively. The base of seed rate on rye, chickling pea and hairy vetch monoculture were 100, 25 and 25 Kgha-1 respectively.

Results: The results showed that the highest biomass of cover crops (530 gm-2) obtained from rye monoculture and the lowest biomass from hairy vetch monoculture and hairy vetch+ chickling pea (85.5 and 91.6 gm-2 respectively) intercropping at the terminating time of the cover crops. Also, the comparison of the means showed that the highest organic matter (0.53%) and soil microbial population (2600000 number per gram) were obtained from rye + chickling pea +hairy vetch intercropping. The soil organic matter (SOM) increased 11.3% by rye + chickling pea +hairy vetch intercropping relative to control (no cover crop). The highest number of earth worms belonged to rye monoculture treatments. On average, earthworms in all of cover crops treatments increased by 80.5% relative to control. Also, the intercropping of rye +hairy vetch caused the lowest bulk density (1.01 gcm-3). The soil bulk density reduced 6.17% by rye + chickling pea relative to control. Cover crops decreased the time of water infiltration in the soil. The minimum time required for water infiltration on growing (8.39 Sec.) and terminating time of cover crops (4.99 Sec.) obtained by hairy vetch monoculture and rye + chickling pea intercropping.

Conclusion: Cover crops either monoculture or intercropping even in one plant growth season improved soil physical and biological properties. Rye and hairy vetch had the highest effect on dual and triple intercropping system.

Key words: Cover crops biomass, Earthworms count, Soil microbial population, Organic matter, Soil health.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cover crops biomass
  • Earthworms count
  • Soil microbial population
  • Organic matter
  • Soil health

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 26، شماره 6
بهمن و اسفند 1398
صفحه 277-290

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