اثر پوشش های جنگلی، مرتعی و زراعی بر مشخصه های میکروبی و فعالیت های آنزیمی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

2 گروه مرتعداری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تخریب رویشگاههای جنگلی و تغییر کاربری اراضی از جمله عوامل مؤثر بر تغییرپذیری مشخصه‌های خاک به شمار می-روند. مشخصه‌های میکروبی و فعالیت‌های آنزیمی، به عنوان شاخص‌های سلامت خاک، پویاترین و حساس‌ترین مشخصه‌های خاک محسوب می‌شوند که نقش مهمی در چرخه عناصر غذایی، حاصل‌خیزی درازمدت و جریان انرژی در خاک دارند. این مشخصه‌ها اطلاعات مفید و کاملی در مورد چرخه بیوژئوشیمیایی عناصر نشان می‌دهند، زیرا نسبت به تغییرات در محیط خاک به سرعت واکنش نشان داده و اطلاعات جامعی در خصوص وضعیت فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک ارائه می‌دهند.

مواد و روش‌ها: با هدف مطالعه و ارزیابی اثر پوشش‌های جنگلی، مرتعی و زراعی بر مشخصه‌های میکروبی و فعالیت‌های آنزیمی خاک، رویشگاه ییلاقی کدیر از توابع بخش کجور در جنوب شرقی شهرستان نوشهر مورد توجه قرار گرفت. در پژوهش پیش رو چهار نوع پوشش گیاهی شامل جنگل لور- اوری (Carpinus orientalis - Quercus macrocarpa )، اراضی مرتعی با پوشش غالب و قرق Astragalus balearicus - Teucrium subspinosum، اراضی مرتعی با پوشش غالب و قرق Stachys byzantinaو اراضی دیم‌زار گندم (Triticum aestivum) انتخاب شد. پس از بازدید و شناسایی مناطق، در هر یک از کاربری های مورد مطالعه سه ترانسکت (به فاصله 50 متر از همدیگر) به طول 200 متر پیاده و نمونه‌های خاک در یک سطح 25 سانتی‌متر × 25 سانتی‌متر تا عمق 15 سانتی‌متری در ابتدا، وسط و انتهای هر ترانسکت برداشت‌ شدند. در مجموع 9 نمونه خاک از هر کاربری جهت آنالیز مشخصه‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی، زیستی، میکروبی و فعالیت‌های آنزیمی به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شد.

یافته‌ها: نتایج تجزیه واریانس حاکی از آنست که بیشترین مقادیر مشخصه‌های پایداری خاکدانه، محتوی رس، رطوبت، کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، کربن آلی ذره‌ای، نیتروژن آلی محلول، فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم، منیزیم قابل جذب، زیتوده ریزریشه، نیترات و معدنی‌شدن نیتروژن خاک و کمترین مقادیر مشخصه‌های جرم مخصوص ظاهری و نسبت کربن به نیتروژن خاک به رویشگاه جنگلی اختصاص داشته است. بیشترین مقدار محتوی شن و کمترین مقادیر مشخصه‌های سیلت و کربن آلی محلول در کاربری زراعی مشاهده شد. مشخصه‌های pH، هدایت الکتریکی، نیتروژن آلی ذره‌ای و آمونیوم تفاوت‌های آماری معنی‌داری را در بین کاربری‌های مورد مطالعه نشان ندادند. بیشترین مقادیر مشخصه‌های تنفس پایه، تنفس برانگیخته، زیتوده میکروبی کربن، زیتوده میکروبی نیتروژن، زیتوده میکروبی فسفر، اوره‌آز، اسید فسفاتاز، آریل سولفاتاز و اینورتاز در رویشگاه جنگلی مشاهده شد در حالی که شاخص‌های میکروبی مورد مطالعه (ضریب متابولیکی، سهم میکروبی و شاخص قابلیت دسترسی به کربن) تفاوت‌های آماری معنی‌داری را در بین کاربری‌ها نشان نداده‌اند. تحلیل مولفه‌های اصلی (PCA) نیز حاکی از وجود فعالیت‌های میکروبی، آنزیمی، زیستی و حاصل‌خیزی بیشتر خاک در رویشگاه جنگلی بوده و موقعیت مکانی کاملا متفاوتی را نشان می‌دهد.

نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که مشخصه‌های مختلف خاک تحت رویشگاه جنگلی از وضعیت بهتری نسبت به سایر رویشگاه‌های مورد مطالعه برخوردار می‌باشند، در حالی که تخریب جنگل و تغییر کاربری اراضی با افت شاخص‌های کیفیت مواد آلی و خاک باعث کاهش فعالیت‌های فعالیت‌های میکروبی و بیوشیمی خاک می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of forest, rangeland and agriculture covers on soil microbial characters and enzyme activities

نویسندگان [English]

  • Yahya Kouch 1
  • Niloufar Noghre 2
1
2 Rangeland department, Tarbiat Modares University
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Forest degradation and land use change are among the factors affecting the changes of soil properties. Microbial characters and enzyme activity, as soil health indicators, are the most dynamic and sensitive soil properties, which play an important role in the nutrient cycle, long-term fertilization and energy flow in the soil. These characteristics provide useful and complete information on the biogeochemical cycles, since they react quickly to changes in the soil environment and provide comprehensive information on the soil physical, chemical and biological properties.

Materials and Methods: With the aim of studying and evaluating the effect of forest, rangeland and crop cover on soil microbial and enzymes activities, the mountainous habitat of Kodir was considered from the Kojur region in the south-east of the Noshahr city. In this study, four types of vegetation including natural forest (Carpinus orientalis - Quercus macrocarpa), rangeland dominated by Astragalus balearicus -Teucrium subspinosum, rangeland dominated by Stachys byzantina and agriculture field (culticated by Triticum aestivum) were selected. Following field trip, in each of the studied land uses, three transects (50 meters apart from each other) with 200 meters in length were considered. Soil samples (25 × 25 cm area) from a depth of 15 cm were taken at the first, middle and at the end of each transect. In total, 9 soil samples from land uses were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of soil physico-chemical, biological, microbial and enzyme activities.

Results: The ANOVA indicate that the higher values of aggregate stability, clay and water contents, organic carbon, total nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, fine root biomass, nitrate and nitrogen mineralization and the lower amounts of soil bulk density and carbon to nitrogen ratio were found in forest site. The greater amounts of sand content and the lower values of silt and dissolved organic carbon were observed in the agricultural field. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, particulate organic nitrogen and ammonium were not significantly different among the studied land uses. The highest values of basal respiration, substrate induced respiration, microbial biomass (carbon and nitrogen, phosphorus) and enzyme activities (i.e. urease, acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase and invertase) were found in forest ecosystem, while the studied microbial indices (i.e. qCO2, microbial ratio and carbon capability index) did not show significant statistical differences among the studied land uses. Principal component analysis (PCA) also showed higher values of soil microbial and enzyme activities, biological and fertility in the forest site with a completely different location on the axis.

Conclusions: In general, the results of this study showed that different soil properties in forest ecosystem have better condition than the other studied land uses, while deforestation and land use change is due to decreasing organic matter quality, soil microbial and biochemical activities.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Carpinus orientalis - Quercus macrocarpa forest
  • Astragalus rangeland cover
  • Stachys pasture
  • Triticum aestivum

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 26، شماره 3
مرداد و شهریور 1398
صفحه 127-143

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