اثر صمغ عربی بر برخی ویژگی های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک های لوم و لوم رسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه مراغه

2 هیئت علمی

3 زراعت

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: گزارش‌های متناقضی در مورد تغییر خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیمیایی و پاسخ‌های بیولوژیکی خاک‌های اصلاح شده با بایوفیلم وجود دارد. اگرچه گزارشی از مقایسه اثرات صمغ عربی در بافت‌های مختلف خاک وجود ندارد، گزارشات اثرات بیوپلیمرهای متفاوت به عنوان آنالوگ بالقوه‌ای از بایوفیلم در خاک‌های مختلف به صورت متناقض وجود دارد. با فرض اینکه کلاس بافت خاک، به عنوان ویژگی ذاتی آن‌ها، ممکن است اثرات اصلاح کننده‌ها یا تهویه کننده‌های مختلف را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد. بنابراین جهت ارزیابی عملکرد صمغ عربی در دو کلاس بافت خاک متفاوت، تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات صمغ عربی به عنوان مشابهی از بایوفیلم (پلی‌ساکاریدهای برون‌سلولی) بر چندین ویژگی خاک در خاک‌هایی با بافت لوم و لوم رسی انجام گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: برای انجام این تحقیق با دو خاک مختلف شامل کلاس‌های بافت لوم‌رسی و لوم، یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی (CRD) با دو فاکتور شامل نوع خاک و مقادیر مختلف صمغ عربی(صفر، 5 و 10 گرم درکیلوگرم خاک) و سه تکرار و دو مشاهده انجام گردید، سپس، بعد از اتمام مرحله انکوباسیون خاک‌های تیمار شده، نمونه‌های خاک دست‌خورده و دست‌نخورده از گلدان‌ها تهیه و برای اندازه‌گیری جرم مخصوص ظاهری، رطوبت اشباع خاک و هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع خاک، پایداری خاکدانه‌ها در حالت خیس(WAS)، میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه‌ها (MWD)، بعد فرکتال جرمی خاکدانه‌ها، اسیدیته خاک (pH)، مقدار کربن آلی خاک، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی و تنفس میکروبی خاک اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اثر صمغ عربی بر رطوبت اشباع، جرم مخصوص خاک، هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع و فعالیت میکروبی در خاک لوم نسبت به خاک لوم‌رسی کمتر بود. کاربرد صمغ عربی در خاک لوم رسی موجب افزایش تقریباً 12 و 18 و 317 درصد به ترتیب در مقدار رطوبت اشباع حجمی و جرمی و هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع خاک لوم رسی شد. درحالی که اثرات خیلی ناچیزی بر این خصوصیات در خاک لوم داشت. استفاده از صمغ عربی همچنین، جرم مخصوص خاک لوم‌رسی را کاهش داد درحالی که هیچ تغییری در جرم مخصوص خاک لوم مشاهده نشد. همچنین در خاک‌های تیمار شده، صمغ عربی تغییرات مثبتی را در کربن آلی خاک و پایداری، اندازه و بعدفراکتال جرمی خاکدانه‌ها که مستقل از نوع خاک می‌باشند را نشان داد.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اینکه تغییرات کمتری در خصوصیات بافت لوم (درشتر از خاک لوم رسی می‌باشد) مشاهده شد، پیشنهاد ما کاربرد مقدار بالاتری از صمغ عربی (بیشتر از 10 گرم بر کیلوگرم) در خاک‌ درشت بافت یا استفاده آن به همراه بقایای مواد آلی برای دستیابی به اثرات قابل توجه در این خاک‌ها می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Arabic Gum Effects on Some of Physical and Chemical Properties of Loam and Clay Loam Soils

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Habibi 1
  • Mehdi Rahmati 1
  • Esmaeil Karimi 2
  • Ali Asghar Alilou 3
1 گروه خاکشناسی
2 گروه خاکشناسی
3 Agronomy
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: There are controversial reports about the physical, chemical and biological properties of biofilms modified soils. Although there is no report on comparing the effects of Arabic gum on different soil textures, reports of different biopolymer effects as potential analogues of biofilms in different soils are contradictory. We assume that the soil texture class, as its intrinsic property, may affect the effects of various soil amendment. Therefore, in order to evaluate the performance of Arabic gum in two different soil texture classes, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Arabic gum as a similar to biofilm (extracellular polysaccharides) on several soil characteristics in loam and clay loam soils.
Materials and Methods: For this study, two different soil types including clay loam and loam texture classes, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) were carried out with two factors including soil type and different amounts of Arabic gum (0, 5 and 10 g per kg of soil) and three replications and two observations. Then, after the incubation stage of the treated soils, the disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from the pots and prepared for measuring the bulk density, soil moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, saturated water content, soil aggregate stability (WAS), mean weight of aggregate diameter (MWD), mass fractal of aggregates, soil acidity (pH), organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity, and microbial respiration.
Results: The results showed that the effect of Arabic gum on saturated moisture content, soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and microbial activity in loam soil was lower than that of clay loam. The use of Arabic gum in clay loam soil increased by approximately 12, 18 and 317 percent, respectively, in the saturated volumetric and gravimetric water contents and the saturated hydraulic conductivity. While having very little effect on these properties in the loam soils. The use of Arabic gum also reduced the bulk density of clay loam soil, while no changes were found in the loam soils. Also, in treated soils, Arabic gum showed positive changes in soil organic carbon and the stability, size, and mass fraction dimension of aggregates, being independent from soil type.
Conclusion: Considering that less variation was observed in the properties of loam texture (which is courser than clay loam soils), we recommend the use of a higher amount of Arabic gum (greater than 10 g kg-1) in coarse texture soils or its use with residues of organic matter to have significant effects on these soils.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aggregates stability
  • Biopolymer
  • Fractal dimension
  • Hydrocolloid

مراجع

1.Alam, F., Siddiqui, A., Lutfi, Z., and Hasnain, A. 2009. Effect of different hydrocolloids on gelatinization behaviour of hard wheat flour. Trakia J. Sci. 7: 1-6.
2.Ali, B.H., Ziada, A., and Blunden, G. 2009. Biological effects of gum arabic: a review of some recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47: 1-8.
3.Anderson, D.C., Harper, K.T., and Holmgren, R.C. 1982. Factors influencing development of cryptogamic soil crusts in Utah deserts. J. Range Manage. Archive. 35: 180-185.
4.Awad, Y., Blagodatskaya, E., Ok, Y., and Kuzyakov, Y. 2013. Effects of polyacrylamide, biopolymer and biochar on the decomposition of 14C-labelled maize residues and on their stabilization in soil aggregates. Europ. J. Soil Sci. 64: 488-499.
5.Badreldin, A., Ziada, A., and Blunden, G. 2009. Biological effects of gum arabic: A review of some recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47: 1-8.
6.Bower, C.A., Reitemeier, R., and Fireman, M. 1952. Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Science, 73: 251-262.
7.Busscher, W.J., Novak, J.M., and Ahmedna, M. 2011. Physical effects of organic matter amendment of a southeastern US coastal loamy sand. Soil Science, 176: 661-667.
8.Busscher, W.J., Novak, J.M., Evans, D.E., Watts, D.W., Niandou, M., and Ahmedna, M. 2010. Influence of pecan biochar on physical properties of a Norfolk loamy sand. Soil Science, 175: 10-14.
9.Cerning, J. 1995. Production of exopolysaccharides by lactic acid bacteria and dairy propionibacteria. Le lait, 75: 463-472.
10.Chang, I., Im, J., Prasidhi, A.K., and Cho, G.C. 2015. Effects of Xanthan gum biopolymer on soil strengthening. Construction and Building Materials, 74: 65-72.
11.Dane, J.H., and Hopmans, J.H. 2002. Water retention and storage. P 671-717. In: J.H. Dane and G.C. Topp (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 4 Physical Methods. SSSA Book Ser. 5. SSSA, Madison, WI.
12.Denkhaus, E., Meisen. S., Telgheder, U., and Wingender, J. 2007. Chemical and physical methods for characterization of biofilms. Microchimica Acta. 158: 1-27.
13.Dogsa, I., Kriechbaum, M., Stopar, D., and Laggner, P. 2005. Structure of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances at different pH values as determined by SAXS. Biophysic. J. 89: 2711-2720.
14.El-Jack, E.M.M.S. 2003. Effect of Gum Arabic on Some Soil Physical Properties and Growth of Sorghum Grown on Three Soil Types. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Soil Science. University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Pp: 1-135.
15.Flemming, H.C., and Wingender, J. 2001. Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs)-Part I: Structural and ecological aspects. Water Science and Technology, 43: 1-8.
16.Grossman, R., and Reinsch, T. 2002. 2.1 Bulk density and linear extensibility. P 201-228. In: J.H. Dane and G.C. Topp (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 4 Physical Methods. SSSA Book Ser. 5. SSSA, Madison, WI.
17.Gul, S., Whalen, J.K., Thomas, B.W., Sachdeva, V., and Deng, H. 2015. Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils: mechanisms and future directions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 206: 46-59.
18.Khademalrasoul, A., Naveed, M., Heckrath, G., Kumari, K., de Jonge, L.W., Elsgaard, L., Vogel, H.J., and Iversen, B.V. 2014. Biochar effects on soil aggregate properties under no-till maize. Soil Science, 179: 273-283.
19.Klute, A., and Dirksen, C. 1986. Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: Laboratory methods. P 687-734. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods, SSSA Book Ser. 5. SSSA, Madison, WI.
20.Kullmann, A., Lehfeldt, J., and Benkenstein, H. 1986. The effect of an organic gel on the physical and physical-chemical properties of a sandy soil. Agrokemia es Talajtan (Hungary), 35: 39-48.
21.Maghchiche, A., Haouam, A., and Immirzi, B. 2010. Use of polymers and biopolymers for water retaining and soil stabilization in arid and semiarid regions. J. TaibahUniv. Sci. 4: 9-16.
22.Mohamed, B. 1999. Effect of natural amendments on aggregate stability and water flow in different soils. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Khartoum, Faculty of Agriculture, Shambat, Sudan.
23.Nelson, D., and Sommers, L.E. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. P 539-579. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties.
24.Nimmo, J.R., and Perkins, K.S. 2002. 2.6 Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution. P 317-328 In: J.H. Dane and G.C. Topp (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 4 Physical Methods. SSSA Book Ser. 5. SSSA, Madison, WI.
25.Omoike, A., Chorover, J., Kwon, K.D., and Kubicki, J.D. 2004. Adhesion of bacterial exopolymers to α-FeOOH: Inner-sphere complexation of phosphodiester groups. Langmuir, 20: 11108-11114.
26.Or, D., Phutane, S., and Dechesne, A. 2007. Extracellular polymeric substances affecting pore-scale hydrologic conditions for bacterial activity in unsaturated soils. Vadose Zone J. 6: 298-305.
27.Patil, S.V., Salunke, B., Patil, C., and Salunkhe, R. 2011. Studies on amendment of different biopolymers in sandy loam and their effect on germination, seedling growth of Gossypium herbaceum L. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 163: 780-791.
28.Rawls, W., Pachepsky, Y.A., Ritchie, J., Sobecki, T., and Bloodworth, H. 2003. Effect of soil organic carbon on soil water retention. Geoderma, 116: 61-76.
29.Rehm, B.H. 2010. Bacterial polymers: biosynthesis, modifications and applications. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8: 578-592.
30.Rhoades, J., Manteghi, N., Shouse, P., and Alves, W. 1989. Soil electrical conductivity and soil salinity: New formulations and calibrations. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 53: 433-439.
31.Romero, D., Aguilar, C., Losick, R., and Kolter, R. 2010. Amyloid fibers provide structural integrity to Bacillus subtilis biofilms. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences,107: 2230-2234.
32.Rosenkranz, H., Iden, S.C., and Durner, W. 2012. Effect of biofilm on soil hydraulic properties: Laboratory studies using xanthan as surrogate. P 9306. In: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.
33.Smitha, S., and Sachan, A. 2016. Use of agar biopolymer to improve the shear strength behavior of sabarmati sand. Inter. J. Geotechnic. Engin. 10: 387-400.
34.Templeton, A.S., Trainor, T.P., Spormann, A.M., and Brown, G.E. 2003. Selenium speciation and partitioning within Burkholderia cepacia biofilms formed on α-Al2O3 surfaces. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67: 3547-3557.
35.Tripathi, S., Champagne, D., and Tufenkji, N. 2012. Transport behavior of selected nanoparticles with different surface coatings in granular porous media coated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 6942-6949.
36.Tyler, S.W., and Wheatcraft, S.W. 1992. Fractal scaling of soil particle-size distributions: analysis and limitations. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 56: 362-369.
37.Vu, B., Chen, M., Crawford, R.J., and Ivanova, E.P. 2009. Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides involved in biofilm formation. Molecules, 14: 2535-2554.
38.Whistler, R. 2012. Industrial gums: polysaccharides and their derivatives, Elsevier.
39.Whistler, R.L., and Hymowitz, T. 1979. Guar: agronomy, production, industrial use and nutrition, Purdue University Press.
40.Yoder, R.E. 1936. A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses. Agron. J. 28: 337-351.
مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 25، شماره 5
آذر و دی 1397
صفحه 217-231

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار