تاثیر برخی نوارهای حائل گیاهی بر رواناب و هدررفت نیترات و فسفات در اراضی دیم منطقه ساری

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

2 دانش آموخته دکتری تخصصی علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری

3 استاد دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: حفاظت و استفاده بهینه از منابع آب و خاک از اصول توسعه پایدار هر کشور می‌باشد. استفاده بیش از حد از منابع طبیعی به واسطه افزایش سطح زیر کشت اراضی و نیز استفاده بیش از ظرفیت معمول آن‌ها پیامدهایی از قبیل آلودگی آب و خاک را در پی داشته است. یکی از راهکارهای مؤثر در کاهش آلودگی آب‌های سطحی و فرسایش خاک، استفاده از نوارهای حائل گیاهی است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر شدت رواناب، گونه گیاهی و نوع آلاینده بر کارایی نوارهای حائل گیاهی در کنترل کیفیت و کمیت رواناب انجام گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: عرصه این تحقیق بخشی از اراضی کشاورزی دیم منطقه میاندرود از توابع شهرستان ساری می‌باشد. این پژوهش با استفاده از 12 کرت آزمایشی به ابعاد 10×1 متر در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تیمار شامل وتیور گراس و چمن بومی با سطح پوشش سه مترمربع و تیمار شاهد (بدون پوشش) در چهار تکرار در منطقه مازندران در شمال ایران به انجام رسید. کرت‌های آزمایشی با شیب 15% ایجاد شدند و به وسیله ورقهای گالوانیزه تا عمق 10 سانتیمتر از محیط اطراف جدا گشتند. در انتهای (پایین شیب) هر کرت زهکشهایی تعبیه شدند که رواناب خروجی را به یک مخزن120 لیتری موجود در انتهای هر کرت انتقال می‌دادند. گیاهان نوارهای حائل شامل وتیور و چمن بومی بودند که در اواخر دی ماه 1393 در کرتها کاشته شدند به‌طوری‌که سه متر از طول هرکرت شامل گیاه مورد آزمایش بود و هفت متر باقیمانده جهت تولید رواناب بدون پوشش رها شد. تولید رواناب مصنوعی با دبی معادل رواناب حاصل از بارندگی با دوره بازگشت 25 و 100 سال صورت پذیرفت. نمونه‌برداری از بهمن ماه سال 1393 آغاز و در دی ماه سال 1394 پایان یافت. به منظور ارزیابی کارایی نوارهای حائل گیاهی در حفاظت آب و خاک، عملکرد این نوارها در کاهش میزان رواناب و رسوب و آلاینده‌هایی نظیر نیترات و فسفات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج ، حداکثر کارایی برای نوارهای حائل گیاهی حاوی وتیور گراس تحت رواناب حاصل از بارندگی با دوره بازگشت 25 سال به‌دست آمد به‌طوری‌که تیمار مذکور حجم رواناب، غلظت رسوب، نیترات و فسفات را به ترتیب تا 85، 88، 83 و 87 درصد کاهش داد. همچنین همبستگی نسبتاً خوبی (R2= 0.63) بین غلظت فسفات و رسوب معلق و همچنین بین حجم رواناب و غلظت نیترات (R2=0.67) مشاهده گردید. مرحله رشد و سن گیاه نیز نقش قابل توجهی در کارایی نوار حائل گیاهی در کنترل غلظت رسوب نشان دادند به‌طوری‌که با گذشت زمان گیاه وتیور با افزایش ارتفاع و درصد سطح پوشش خود عملکرد بهتری در کنترل غلظت آلاینده‌ها خصوصاً رسوب معلق در مقایسه با دیگر نوارهای حائل گیاهی مورد آزمایش ارائه نمود.
نتیجه‌گیری: کارایی نوارهای حائل گیاهی در کنترل کمیت و کیفیت رواناب تحت رواناب‌های شدید، کمتر تحت تأثیر خصوصیات نوار حائل و مرحله رشد گیاه و گونه آن است و شدت جریان نقش مهم‌تری ایفا می‌نماید چرا که کارایی نوارهای حائل گیاهی مورد مطالعه تحت رواناب با دوره بازگشت 100 سال در طول دوره آزمایش روند منظمی نسبت به دوره بازگشت 25 سال نشان نداد. در مقاطع زمانی مختلف، دو گونه گیاهی مورد مطالعه شامل وتیور و چمن نقش متفاوتی در کاهش حجم رواناب و آلایندههای موجود در آن نشان دادند. همچنین نوارهای حائل گیاهی با گذشت زمان، خود نیز به عنوان منبع مواد مغذی و رسوب ایفای نقش نموده و زمینه آلودگی آب‌های سطحی را فراهم و خاک را فراهم آوردند، که برداشت و کوتاه نمودن دوره‌ای گیاه می‌تواند به عنوان راهکاری موثر به منظور مقابله با این موضوع تلقی گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The impact of some vegetative buffer strips on runoff and loss of nitrate and phosphate in rainfed lands of Sari, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ataollah Kavian 1
  • Iman Saleh 2
  • Mahmood Habib Nezhad 3
  • Zeynab Jafarian 1
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives:
Conservation and optimal use of soil and water resources are considered as the principles of sustainable development. Excessive use of natural resources caused by increasing agricultural lands area has led to some adverse consequences such as soil and water pollution. The use of vegetative buffer strips is considered as an effective strategy to reduce surface water pollutions and soil erosion. The study has been carried out to investigate the effect of runoff rate, plant species and type of contaminants on the efficiency of vegetative buffer strips in qualitative and quantitative conservation of soil and water in Mazandaran, Iran.
Materials and methods: The field of this research is a part of agricultural lands of Sari city. The width and length of the experimental plots were 1m and 10m respectively. The present study was carried out using 12 experimental plots with dimensions of 1m×10m in randomized complete block design, in Mazandaran province, Northern Iran. The studied treatments include vetiver grass, turf-grass with coverage area of 3m2 and control (bare) treatment with four replications. The experimental plots were installed with a slope of 15% those which were isolated from the surrounding environment. Also, a runoff collecting tank drainage was placed at downslope end of each plot. Vetiver grass and turf grass were the plant species used in the buffer strips those which were planted in the early February of 2015; so that, three meters of each plot contained the studied plant species and seven meters of the plot’ length was left as bare to produce runoff. Artificial runoff was produced with runoff rate equal to the runoff generated by 25 and 100 return period precipitation. Runoff sampling was annually carried out from the collected water at downslope of each plot since a month after planting the species; so that, it was conducted since February 2015 until January 2016. In order to evaluate the efficiency of vegetative buffer strips in water and soil conservation, the performance of these buffers for runoff, sediment and pollutants removal was studied. Means of achieved data were compared and statistically analyzed using Duncan test by SPSS (22) software.
Results: According to the results, the maximum efficiency of vetiver buffer strips under the runoff generated by 25-year return period precipitation; so that, the mentioned treatment reduced the runoff volume, sediment, nitrate and phosphate concentration by 85%, 88%, 83% and 87% respectively. Also, a relative proper correlation was found between phosphate and sediment (R2=0.66) as well as nitrate and runoff volume (R2=0.67) Plant growth stage and age played an important role in the efficiency of vegetative buffer strips for sediment control so that, by increasing the height and coverage percentage over time, vetiver grass gave a more appropriate performance in pollutants control and specially suspended sediment compared to the other studied vegetative buffer strips in the present study.
Conclusion: The efficiency of vegetative buffer strips in runoff quantity and quality control is highly affected by the flow properties. The characteristics of buffer strips, plant species and phenology are less important when the runoff rate is high. Because, the efficiency of vegetative buffer strips affected by 100-year return period runoff showed a more irregular trend compared to 25-year return period runoff. The two buffer plants also showed different performances to reduce runoff volume and its pollutants. The vegetative buffer strips played a role as nutrients and sediment source that caused soil and surface water pollution over time. So, periodic mowing can be considered as an effective strategy to deal with this issue.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Native turf grass
  • sediment
  • Runoff
  • Experimental plots
  • Vetiver grass
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