پیش بینی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر خطر فرسایش خاک در حوزه آبخیز ناورود

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشگاه گیلان

3 دانشگاه کرمان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تغییر اقلیم می‌تواند با تغییر الگوی بارش فرسایش خاک را به عنوان مهم‌ترین عامل تخریب اراضی جهان، تحت-تاثیر قرار دهد. بنابراین ارزیابی خطر فرسایش خاک و ارزیابی اثر تغییرات اقلیمی بر آن امری ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. هدف از این تحقیق که در حوزه آبخیز ناورود در استان گیلان انجام شد، بررسی اثر تغییر اقلیم در آینده بر خطر فرسایش و تلفات خاک می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: در تحقیق حاضر، روند تغییر اقلیم در استان گیلان با استفاده از برخی متغیرهای موثر اقلیمی با استفاده از نرم‌افزار XLSTAT بر مبنای آمار دو ایستگاه رشت و بندرانزلی بررسی شد. سپس خطر فرسایش خاک با تلفیق نسخه تجدیدنظر شده معادله جهانی هدررفت خاک، سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی و سنجش از دور در حال حاضر و دو دوره 20 ساله آینده، در حوزه آبخیز ناورود مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. لایه‌های اطلاعاتی مربوط به عامل‌های K، LS، C و P معادله جهانی تجدیدنظر شده هدررفت خاک از پژوهش قبلی اخذ شد. مدل گردش عمومی جو و سه سناریوی A1B، A2 و B1 به منظور بررسی تغییر اقلیم استفاده شد. بر مبنای خروجی این مدل و با استفاده از آمار روزانه بارش در دوره پایه 2007-2002 و مدل LARS-WG، بارش روزانه دو دوره 20 ساله 2065-2046 و 2099-2080 برای سه ایستگاه خرجگیل، خلیان و ناو که در درون حوزه واقع شده‌اند، شبیه‌سازی شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بارندگی در آینده در دو ایستگاه خلیان و ناو، کاهش و در ایستگاه خرجگیل، افزایش می‌یابد. با این وجود، به دلیل افزایش شدت بارندگی‌ها، در تمامی حالت‌ها میزان عامل فرسایندگی باران در آینده بیش‌تر از دوره پایه می‌باشد. بر اساس نتایج به‌دشت آمده، خطر فرسایش در دوره پایه بین صفر تا بیش از 77 تن در هکتار در سال، برای دوره 2065-2046، بین صفر تا بیش از 115 تن در هکتار در سال و در دوره 2099-2080 بین صفر تا بیش از 98 تن در هکتار در سال متغیر است.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد طی دوره‌های آینده، میزان فرسایندگی به علت افزایش شدت بارندگی افزایش می‌یابد. بیش‌تر سطح حوزه دارای خطر فرسایش کم، و نواحی جنوب غرب حوزه و بخش‌های میانی شمال آن عمدتا دارای خطر فرسایش زیاد هستند. هم‌‌چنین بررسی نتایج نشان می‌دهد با وجود این‌که فرسایندگی باران در تعدادی از ایستگاه‌ها بیش‌ترین میزان است، اما مقدار فرسایش آن‌ها زیاد نیست، که می‌تواند به علت تاثیر پوشش گیاهی باشد. افزایش تراکم پوشش گیاهی به‌ویژه اگر از نوع پوشش متراکم جنگلی باشد،
می‌تواند تاثیر فرسایندگی باران را کاهش داده و در نتیجه خطر فرسایش کم شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Forecasting the effect of climate change on soil erosion hazard in Navrood watershed

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Asadi 1
  • Mohammad Jafari 2
  • Afshin Ashrafzadeh 2
  • Arezoo Sharifi 3
1
2
3
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Climate Change and its consequence changes in precipitation patterns can affect soil erosion, as the most important global problem of land degradation. Therefore, it is essential to assess soil erosion risk under climate change condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of future climate change on soil erosion risk in Navrood watershed, located in west of Guilan province, North of Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the trend of climate change was evaluated through effective climatic parameters by XLSTAT software based on the data obtained from Rasht and Bandar Anzali stations. Also the soil erosion risk was predicted using RUSLE in combination with geographic information system and remote sensing, in Navrood watershed. The data of previous research were used to calculate the K, LS, C and P factors for the RUSLE model. The atmospheric general circulation model NCCCSM and three scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 were used to study climate change. The daily rainfall pattern were simulated for two 20-year periods of 2046-2065 and 2080-2099 for Kharajgil, Khalian and NAV stations located inside the watershed, based on the outputs of NCCCSM, daily rainfall values of the base period 2002-2007, and the LARS-WG model.
Results: The results showed that a decrease will occur in rainfall at the Nav and Khalian stations; while there will be an increase for Kharajgil station. In contrast, the rainfall erosivity will increased for all scenarios and stations in future in compare with the base period due to increase of rainfall intensity. Based on the obtained results, soil erosion risk changes from zero to more than 77 tons per hectare per year, between zero and over 115 tons per hectare per year, and from zero to more than 98 ton per hectare per year across the watershed at the base period (2002-2007), and 2046-2065 and 2080-2099 periods, respectively.
Conclusion: The results showed that rainfall erosivity will increased due to increase of rainfall intensity. Most of the watershed area is faced with low erosion risk, but the south-western and middle north parts of the watershed are experiencing high erosion. Additionally, although rainfall erosivity is at its highest level at some stations, but the erosion rate is low because of the positive impact of plant coverage in reducing soil erosion. Higher the density of plant coverage, particularly forest type, reduces the negative impacts of rainfall erosivity, resulted in lower soil erosion risk.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Climate change scenario
  • LARS-WG Model
  • Rainfall erosivity
  • RUSLE
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