بررسی تاثیر نانوذرات هماتیت بر غلظت‌ آرسنیک و برخی عناصر غذایی گیاه ذرت کشت شده در خاک‌های آلوده

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه زنجان

2 استاد گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: آرسنیک یکی از شبه فلزات است که اخیرا توجهات زیادی را به سوی خود جلب کرده است. قرار گرفتن طولانی مدت در معرض آرسنیک سبب بروز سرطان های پوست، شش و پروستات می شود. حضور آرسنیک در آب و خاک منجر به انتقال آن به بخش های مختلف گیاهان می شود. تاکنون تاثیر نانوذرات هماتیت بر غلظت آرسنیک در گیاهان کشت شده در مناطق آلوده بررسی نشده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی کارایی نانوذرات هماتیت در کاهش تحرک و گیاه -فراهمی آرسنیک و تاثیر آن بر غلظت عناصر فسفر، آهن، روی و منگنز گیاه ذرت کشت شده در خاکهای آلوده انجام شد.
مواد و روش ها: بدین منظور یک آزمایش فاکتوریل با دو فاکتور سطوح نانوذرات هماتیت (صفر، 0/05، 0/1 و 0/2 درصد وزنی) و سطوح مختلف آرسنیک (صفر، 6، 12، 24، 48 و 96 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک) در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار در گلخانه انجام شد. خاک بصورت مصنوعی و با استفاده از نمک آرسنات سدیم (Na2HAsO4.7H2O) به سطوح مختلف آرسنیک آلوده و به مدت پنج ماه خوابانیده شد. نانوذرات هماتیت (α-Fe2O3) از نیترات آهن سنتز شدند و خصوصیات آنها به وسیله تکنیکهای XRD، SEM و TEM بررسی گردید. پس از پایان زمان خوابانیدن، نانوذرات هماتیت به خاکهای الوده و غیرآلوده افزوده شد و پس از یک ماه غلظت آرسنیک قابل جذب خاک ها اندازه گیری شد. از گیاه ذرت به عنوان شاخص زیستی استفاده شد. پس از گذشت 75 روز گیاهان برداشت شدند و ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشک ریشه و بخش هوایی، غلظت آرسنیک، فسفر، آهن، روی و منگنز ریشه و بخش هوایی اندازه گیری شد.
یافته ها: مورفولوژی نانوذرات هماتیت بوسیله میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی و عبوری کروی تشخیص داده شد و میانگین اندازه آنها 30 نانومتر اندازه گیری گردید. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش غلظت آرسنیک کل خاک، غلظت آرسنیک قابل جذب، غلظت آرسنیک ریشه و بخش هوایی ذرت افزایش یافت. تجمع آرسنیک در ریشه بیش از بخش هوایی ذرت بود. آرسنیک سبب افزایش غلظت عناصر فسفر و منگنز و کاهش غلظت عناصر آهن و روی ریشه ذرت شد. همچنین در بخش هوایی غلظت فسفر، آهن و روی را کاهش ولی منگنز را افزایش داد. آرسنیک همچنین سبب کاهش انتقال فسفر از ریشه به بخش هوایی شد. نانوذرات هماتیت در کلیه سطوح آرسنیک خاک، غلظت آرسنیک قابل جذب و غلظت آرسنیک ریشه و بخش هوایی ذرت را بطور معنی دار کاهش دادند. این نانوذرات با افزایش غلظت عناصر غذایی آهن و روی، کاهش تجمع آرسنیک، فسفر و منگنز ریشه گیاهان کشت شده در خاکهای آلوده، سبب افزایش وزن خشک ریشه شدند و با افزایش غلظت عناصر فسفر، آهن و روی و کاهش تجمع آرسنیک و منگنز بخش هوایی سبب افزایش وزن خشک آن شدند، ولی در خاک های غیرآلوده با کاهش غلظت عناصر غذایی فسفر، آهن، روی و منگنز ریشه و بخش هوایی گیاهان کشت شده منجر به کاهش وزن خشک گیاه شدند. موثرترین سطح مصرف نانوذرات هماتیت 0/2 درصد بود بطوری که مقدار کاهش غلظت آرسنیک ریشه و بخش هوایی گیاهان کشت شده در خاک تیمار شده با2/ 0 درصد نانوذرات هماتیت و 96 میلی گرم آرسنیک بر کیلوگرم 54/64 و 40/20 درصد بود.
نتیجه گیری: آرسنیک در غلظت های کمتر از 12 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم رشد و وزن ریشه و بخش هوایی ذرت را افزایش داد ولی در غلظتهای بیش از آن با ایجاد اثرات سمی و بر هم زدن تعادل عناصر غذایی رشد گیاه را کاهش داد. بطور کلی نتایج نشان دادند که نانوذرات هماتیت می توانند برای پاکسازی خاک های آلوده به آرسنیک بکار روند به شرط آنکه تحقیقات تکمیلی در خصوص اثرات زیست محیطی آنها صورت گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of hematite nanoparticles on the concentrations of arsenic and some micronutrients of corn plant grown in contaminated soils

نویسندگان [English]

  • Tahereh Mansouri 1
  • Ahmad Golchin 2
1
2 Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Arsenic is one of the metalloid which has recently attract attention. Long-term exposure to As can lead to skin, bladder, lung, and prostate cancer. The presence of As in soil and water causes its transfer to the different parts of plants. So far the effects of hematite nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3) on the concentration of As in plants grown in contaminated soils have not been evaluated, therefore this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of hematite nanoparticles on the concentrations of As, P, Fe, Zn and Mn of corn plant growth in contaminated soils.
Materials and Methods For this purpose a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design and three replications. The experimental factors were the application rates of hematite nanoparticles (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%) and levels of soil As (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 mg/kg). Soil samples artificially contaminated by different levels of As using Na2HAsO4.7H2O salt and incubated for 5 month. Hematite nanoparticles were synthesized from iron nitrate, and their properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and TEM techniques. At the end of incubation time, the hematite nanoparticles were added to the As contaminated and control soils and after 1 month the concentrations of available As in the samples were measured, then planted to corn. After 75 days of sowing, plants were harvested the dry weights of aerial parts and roots, concentrations of As, P, Fe, Zn and Mn of these parts were measured.
Results and Discussion The results showed that the concentration of soil available arsenic and arsenic concentrations of root and aerial parts increased as the concentration of soil total arsenic increased. As accumulated in the roots more than the aerial parts. Contamination of soil by As increased the concentrations of P and Mn and decreased those of Fe and Zn in corn root. The concentrations of P, Fe and Zn in the aerial parts of corn decreased and that of Mn increased as a result of As application. As reduced P translocation from the roots to the aerial parts of corn plants. The application of hematite nanoparticles significantly decreased the concentrations of arsenic in soil and in root and aerial parts of corn. The application of hematite nanoparticles increased the dry weight of root by increasing the root concentrations of Fe and Zn and decreasing the accumulation of As, P and Mn in the plant root. It also increased the dry weight of aerial parts as a result of increased concentrations of P, Fe and Zn and reduced accumulation of As and Mn. Those, but they decreased the concentrations of P, Fe, Zn, Mn and dry weight of root and aerial parts of plants grown in uncontaminated soils. The application rate of 0.2% hematite nanoparticles gave the maximum effect. The reductions in the concentrations of root and aerial parts arsenic at the application rate of 0.2% of the hematite nanoparticles were 54.64 and 40.20 percent respectively for the soils with total As of 96 mg As/kg.
Conclusions As at the concentrations of less than 12 mg/kg increased root and aerial parts growth and dry weights but at the concentrations higher than 12 mg/kg, by creating toxic effects and disrupting the balance of nutrients, reduced the growth and dry weights of root and aerial parts of corn plant. These results suggest that hematite nanoparticles can be use for remediation of arsenic contaminated soils on the condition that further research is carried out on their environmental effects.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Arsenic
  • corn
  • Hematite nanoparticles
  • Nutrient

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 25، شماره 1
فروردین و اردیبهشت 1397
صفحه 1-34

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