اندازه گیری تغییرات مخازن فعال کربن آلی و برخی از خصوصیات خاک درختان جنگلی شمال ایران (پژوهش موردی: ایستگاه تحقیقات بذر و نهال گونه‌های جنگلی شلمان، استان گیلان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 جهاد کشاورزی استان قم

2 استاد گروه خاکشناسی دانشگاه زنجان

3 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گیلان مسئول ایستگاه تحقیقات صنوبر صفرابسته

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: شناخت تأثیر متفاوت درختان جنگلی بر ویژگی‌های کیفی خاک، دورنمای کنترل سلامت خاک را در مدیریت‌های پایدار متصور میسازد و می‌توان ترمیم و رفع آسیب‌های وارده بر اکوسیستم‌های طبیعی را از طریق انتخاب صحیح گونه‌های درختی مدیریت نمود. در این پژوهش به منظور انتخاب گونه‌های درختی مناسب جنگل‌کاری، ایستگاه تحقیقات بذر و نهال گونه‌های جنگلی شلمان استان گیلان به عنوان منطقه مورد مطالعه انتخاب و میزان ذخایر (موجودی) کربن آلی خاک و تأثیر گونه‌هایی از درختان پهن‌برگ و سوزنی‌برگ بر خصوصیات خاک مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و در نهایت جهت معرفی شاخص‌های حساس کیفیت و سلامت خاک، مخازن فعال کربن آلی خاک مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند.
مواد و روش‌ها: پس از حفر خاکرخ‌هایی به عمق 200 سانتیمتر در خاک‌های تحت پوشش گونه‌های درختی مختلف، شامل کاج تدا (Pinus taeda)، دارتالاب (Taxodium distichum)، اُرس (Juniperus polycarpos)، توسکا (Alnus glutinosa)، بلوط بلندمازو (Quercus castaneifolia) و سفیدپلت (Populus caspica) نمونه‌برداری از ده لایه 20 سانتیمتری از سطح به عمق انجام شد. در نمونه های 20-0، 40-20، 60-40 و 80-60 سانتی‌متر میزان ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه‌ها، هدایت الکتریکی، اسیدیته، چگالی ظاهری، کربن آلی و مخازن فعال (لبایل) اندازه گیری شدند و برای محاسبه میزان ذخایر (موجودی) کربن خاک نمونه‌های کلیه ضخامت‌های 200-0 سانتی‌متر در نظر گرفته شدند. پس از تجزیه واریانس دوطرفه، داده‌ها بر اساس متغیرهای مستقل(گونه درختی و عمق) در قالب طرح بلوک کاملا تصادفی مورد آنالیز آماری قرار گرفته و جهت تعیین شاخص‌های حساس کیفیت، روش همبستگی پیرسون مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج اولیه بیانگر تأثیر خصوصیات خاک توسط گونه‌های درختی مورد پژوهش در طول عمق خاک بودند. به استثنای هدایت الکتریکی، اسیدیته و چگالی ظاهری نتایج حاصل از تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها بیانگر تاثیر معنی‌دار نوع پوشش گیاهی و عمق خاک بر ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی بود. بیشترین تأثیر نوع پوشش گیاهی بر ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی در ضخامت‌های سطحی خاک مشاهده گردید. در این رابطه و در مقایسه با سایر ضخامت‌های مورد بررسی، بیشترین نوسانات در مقدار ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی و همچنین میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه‌ها به ترتیب در خاک‌های تحت پوشش توسکا و ارس؛ و توسکا و دارتالاب در ضخامت 20-0 سانتیمتری مشاهده گردید. همچنین بیشترین میزان نیتروژن کل و کربن آلی خاک به طور مشابه در ضخامت 20-0 سانتی‌متری به ترتیب درخاک‌های تحت پوشش توسکا > بلوط > سفیدپلت > ارس > دارتالاب > کاج تدا مشاهده شد. بیشترین میزان ذخایر (موجودی) کربن تا عمق 200 سانتیمتری به مقدار 24/206 تن در هکتار و کمترین مقدار به میزان 94/136 تن در هکتار به ترتیب در خاک‌های تحت پوشش توسکا و کاج تدا محاسبه گردید.
نتیجه‌گیری: گونه‌های پهن‌برگ به ویژه درختان توانمند در تثبیت نیتروژن هوا مانند توسکا بیشترین تأثیر را بر ویژگی‌های کیفی خاک داشتند. در گونه‌های پهن‌برگ علاوه بر میزان بالای ذخایر (موجودی) کربن الی خاک، توزیع کربن آلی نیز با یکنواختی بیشتری در طول عمق خاک همراه بود. در نهایت طبق نتایج حاصل از همبستگی صفات کیفی خاک و مخازن فعال کربن، شاخص کیفی واحدی تشخیص داده نشده بلکه مجموعه‌ای از این مخازن به عنوان شاخص‌های حساس سلامت و کیفیت خاک معرفی شدند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Measurement of changes in labile pools of soil organic carbon and some soil properties under forest tree species in Northern Iran (Case study: Shalman Seed and Seedling of Forest Tree Species Research Station, Guilan Province)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Karim Atashnama 1
  • Ahmad Golchin 2
  • Abdollah Mosavi Kopar 3
1
2
3
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Deep insight about the different effect of forest tree species on soil quality properties have made soil health monitoring perspective clear concerning sustainable management; however, restoration and reclamation of deteriorates inflicted on natural ecosystems may be managed through proper selection of tree species. In this study, in order to select suitable tree species in afforestation projects, Shalman Seed and Seedling of Forest Tree Species Research Station (Guilan province) was chosen as a study area to investigate carbon storage rates and effect of conifers and broadleaves on soil properties, Consequently, soil carbon labile pools were evaluated to present unique sensitive indicator of health and soil quality.
Materials and Methods: Sampling of 10 layers with thickness of 20 cm were taken from 0-200 cm depth under selected tree species plots, including Populus caspica, Oak (Quercus castaneifolia), Alder (Alnus glutinosa), Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and Juniper ( Juniperus polycarpos). Cation exchang capacity, mean weight diameter, EC, pH, bulk density, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon and its labile pools were analyzed in soil samples of 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm and just for carbon storage measurements all of 10 layers (0-200 cm) were considered. The experiments were of randomized complete block (RCB) designs. Data for the same soil interval were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Person linear Correlation method was used to determine sensitive indicators of soil quality.
Results: Preliminary results indicated the significant effects of tree species on soil properties during soil depth. Despite insignificant differences in EC, pH and BD, our results showed that significant alterations by tree species types were found in the 0-20 cm soil layer. However, the greatest difference on CEC and MWD values were also observed in the 0-20 cm soil thickness between Alder vs. Juniper; and Alder vs. Bald cypress, respectively. All species had also higher total nitrogen (TN) and soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top soil layer (0-20 cm) followed the order: A. glutinosa > Q. castaneifolia > P. caspica > J. polycarpos > T. distichum > P. taeda. The measured amount of total soil organic carbon as a carbon storage was the highest and the lowest under Alder (A. glutinosa) and Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) with 206.24 and 136.94 (ton OC ha-1), respectively.
Conclusion: Broadleaves, especially N fixer species such as Alder had the greatest effect on soil quality properties. Broadleaves had also great potential for carbon storage with more uniform distribution during soil depth. However, among broadleaves, Alder had great effect on soil properties and soil organic matter. Finally, according to correlation values, no single and more sensitive organic carbon pool as a soil quality indicator of forest tree species changes was selected, but the complex of soil organic carbon pools could be used as sensitive indicators of soil quality and health.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Labile soil organic carbon"
  • "Water soluble organic carbon"
  • "Carbon storage (stocks)"

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 24، شماره 1
فروردین 1396
صفحه 103-119

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