اثر پوشش های جنگلی پهن برگ و سوزنی برگ بر شاخص های میکروبی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: افزایش روز افزون میزان گازهای گلخانه‌ای (به ویژه گازهای دی اکسید کربن، متان و نیتروز اکسید) و تغییرات اقلیمی بر کسی پوشیده نیست (17). پژوهش‌های صورت گرفته نشان می‌دهند که تغییرات این گازها تا حد زیادی متاٌثر از تغییرپذیری شاخص‌های میکروبی کربن و نیتروژن خاک می‌باشند (16). یکی از راه‌های مهم و تاٌثیرگذار در کاهش میزان این گازها و اثرات مخرب آنها پیدا کردن راهکاری برای ترسیب و ذخیره‌سازی آنها می‌باشد، که در این خصوص به جنگل‌کاری عرصه‌های فاقد پوشش گیاهی تاکید ویژه‌ای شده است (31). جنگل‌کاری با گونه‌های مختلف (پهن‌برگ و سوزنی‌برگ) اثرات اکولوژیکی متعددی دارد (41). با این حال تاکنون به جنگل-کاری‌ها با هدف کاهش مخاطرات ناشی از گرمایش جهانی (از طریق تنظیم عوامل کنترل‌کننده مهم‌ترین گازهای گلخانه‌ای) توجه جامعی نشده است. در این راستا، یاداوا (2012) اشاره داشت که کاشت گونه‌های درختی Acacia catechu وDalbergia sisso بعد از 26 سال باعث افزایش معنی‌دار زیتوده میکروبی خاک (نسبت به جنگل طبیعی پهن‌برگ مجاور) شده است (45). همچنین، ون و همکاران (2014) در بررسی زیتوده میکروبی کربن و نیتروژن خاک تحت توده‌های خالص و آمیخته کاج (P. massoniana) نشان دادند که پارامتر‌های میکروبی خاک به ترکیب گونه‌ای و سن توده حساس بوده و همچنین میزان زیتوده میکروبی کربن و نیتروژن در پایه‌های خالص بیش‌تر گزارش شد (43). در تحقیق حاضر، اثر پوشش‌های جنگلی پهن‌برگ (توسکاییلاقی، ون، افراپلت، بلوط بلندمازو) و سوزنی‌برگ (زربین و کاج سیاه) بر تغییرپذیری عوامل کنترل‌کننده مهم‌ترین گازهای گلخانه‌ای، مورد توجه و بررسی قرار گرفته است.
مواد و روش‌ها: در هر یک از پوشش‌های جنگلی مورد نظر، مستقر در حوزه شرکت چوب و کاغذ مازندران، تعداد 10 نمونه خاک از عمق‌های 10-0 و 20-10 سانتی‌متری (مجموعاً 20 نمونه) برداشت شد. وزن مخصوص ظاهری، بافت، رطوبت، اسیدیته، کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل و مشخصه‌های میکروبی (تنفس میکروبی، زیتوده میکروبی کربن و نیتروژن، ضریب متابولیک) در محیط آزمایشگاه مورد سنجش و محاسبه قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج حاکی از وجود تفاوت‌های آماری معنی‌دار مشخصه‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک تحت تاٌثیر پوشش‌های مختلف اراضی می-باشد. بیشترین مقادیر مشخصه‌های تنفس میکروبی (16/1 میلی‌گرم بر گرم)، زیتوده میکروبی کربن (68/334 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم)، نسبت زیتوده میکروبی کربن به نیتروژن (99/11) و ضریب متابولیکی (64/3 میکروگرم دی‌اکسید کربن بر میلی‌گرم زیست‌توده میکروبی کربن در روز) به پوشش جنگلی کاج سیاه اختصاص داشته در حالی که بالاترین مقدار زیتوده میکروبی نیتروژن (33/38 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) خاک در توده جنگلی توسکاییلاقی مشاهده شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج بر این امر دلالت دارد که در انتخاب نوع گونه برای جنگل‌کاری، در راستای کاهش اثر تغییرات اقلیمی با بهبود شاخص-های میکروبی، به کیفیت و سلامت خاک در منطقه باید توجه خاصی شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of broad and needle-leaved forest covers on soil microbial indices

چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Knowdays, the increasing of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, methan and nitrous oxide, and also climate change phenomena is obvious for whole of peoples (17). Findings indicated that the changes of these gases are strongly effected by variability of soil carbon and nitrogen microbial indices (16). One of important approach for reduction of these gases and their effects is achievement to way for theirs storage and sequestration. About this, afforestation in bare lands is emphasized (31). Afforestation with different species (broad-leaved and needle-leaved) has various ecological effects (41). However, the role of afforestation regarding to reduction of climate change risks was not considered collectively through regulation of factors that control the most important greenhouse gases. In this way, Yadava (2012) pointed that the plantating of Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sisso increased significantly the soil microbial biomass compared with control plot, broad-leaved natural forest, after twenty six years (45). In addition, Wen, et al. (2014) in study on soil carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass, under Pinus massoniana pure and mixed stands, claimed that the soil microbial factors are sensitive to sepcies combination and stand age. Also, they found more values of carbon and nitrogen biomass imposed by pure stands (43). Present research was carried out for studying the effect of broad-leaved (alnus, ash, maple and oak) and needle-leaved (cupressus and pine) forest covers on variability of the controller parameters of the most important greenhouse gasess.
Materials and methods: Soil sampls were excavated in ten points from 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths, resulting 20 samples, for each forest covers located in Wood and Paper Company of Mazandaran. Soil bulk density, texture, moisture, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and microbial indices (microbial respiration, carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass, metabolic quotient) were measured and calculated at the laboratory.
Results: The results are indicating significant differences of soil physico-chemical characters imposed by different land covers. Greater amounts of soil microbial respiration (1.16 mg/g), carbon (334.68 mg/kg) and nitrogen (11.19 mg/kg) microbial biomass, carbon to nitrogen microbial biomass ratio (11.99) and metabolic quotient (3.64 μg CO2-C mg-1 MBC day-1) were found in pine forest, whereas the higher values of nitrogen microbial biomass (38.33 mg/kg) was recorded in Alnus forest stand.
Conclusion: The findings of this study is indicating that the soil quality and health must be considered for selection of tree species in afforestation programs regarding to the reduction effect of climate changes with improving microbial indices.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forestation
  • carbon
  • Nitrogen
  • Biochemical Indices

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 23، شماره 2
خرداد 1395
صفحه 195-210

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