مروری بر اهمیت نقش نظارت بر بازارهای آب، رویکردی کارآمد با تاکید بر فناوری‌های سنجشی

نوع مقاله : مروری (مدعو)

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی آب ‌و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

3 استاد گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده مهندسی آب‌ و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: در حال حاضر افزایش تقاضای آب در جهان از یک سو و عرضه محدود آن از سوی دیگر ناترازی منابع و مصارف، ناشی از محدودیت‌های طبیعی و اقدامات بشر را در اقصی نقاط جهان به همراه داشته است. لذا بحران آب به عنوان اصلی‌ترین چالش، آغازگر تحولات عدیده‌ای در جهان و ایران بوده. از جمله این تحولات تغییر جهت‌گیری‌ها از سیاست‌های عرضه محور به مدیریت تقاضا و حفاظت از منابع موجود می‌باشد. امروزه روند صعودی افزایش تقاضا پیرامون آب کشاورزی در کشور نیز به طور چشمگیری بحث مدیریت تقاضا و توسعه بازارهای آب کشاورزی را قوت بخشیده است. بررسی‌های جهانی و داخلی حاکی از بهبود روند مدیریت تقاضا با پیاده سازی بازار آب در مناطق مختلف دارد. اما نکته حائز اهمیت در این زمینه پیاده سازی برخی زیرساخت‌های حقوقی، مدیریتی و نظارتی به جهت اثر بخش بودن و پایداری این بازارها می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این مقاله با رویکردی مروری و تحلیلی، مبتنی بر بررسی حداکثری فعالیت‌های پژوهشی صورت گرفته بروی بازار‌های آب در اقصی نقاط جهان، ابتدا به بررسی وضعیت عملکرد گذشته و حال بازارهای آب تشکیل شده در دیگر کشورها و برخی مناطق ایران که در منابع پژوهشی مختلفی بدان‌ها اشاره شده، پرداخته و سپس با تحلیل روند کلی و اهداف فعالیتی، تاریخچه احداث و عملکرد آن و نیز بررسی نقاط قوت و ضعف آنها، بر اهمیت نقش نظارت و ارزیابی در مدیریت، پایداری و توسعه آتی این بازارها به کمک استفاده از فناوری‌های نوین اشاره نموده است. در نهایت با بررسی برخی نکات و چالش‌های موجود در این بازارها به نقش فناوری سنجش از دور در نظارت و ارزیابی آن‌ها پرداخته و بخش‌هایی که این فناوری توانایی مدیریت و نظارت بر آن را دارد بیان شده.
یافته‌ها: در تمامی موارد مورد بررسی مدیران بازارها به جهت رفع برخی موانع و مشکلات اقداماتی موثری انجام داده‌اند، اما با توجه به فضای فنی، سیاسی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی حاکم بر بازارهای آب نبود نظارت مستمر در سطح میدانی ضربات مخربی را به شرایط آتی و توسعه آن‌ها وارد نموده است، لذا ایجاد یک چارچوب مدیریت نظارتی جامع و شفاف در عرصه میدانی بر تمامی سطوح مختلف اثرگذار در این بازارها امری بسیار ضروری و حائز اهمیت تلقی می‌گردد. نکته قابل توجه سطوح گسترده تحت الشعاع در این بازارها می‌باشد که این امر را با مشکل جدی مواجه نموده است. راهکار پیشنهادی از سوی گزارشات متعدد برای مرتفع نمودن این مسئله استفاده از فناوری‌های نوین به ویژه سامانه‌های سنجش از دور با توجه به نوع کارکرد و وسعت منطقه مورد رصد توسط آن‌ها می‌باشد که می‌تواند کمک شایانی در امر کنترل میزان برداشت از منابع آبی، نظارت بر وضعیت عملکرد و اثرگذاری آن در بازارها ایفا نماید.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاصل از این بررسی مروری- تحلیلی، نشان از اهمیت ویژه بحث نظارت و ارزیابی در عملکرد بازارهای آب دارد، با توجه به روند رو به رشد بازارهای آب در کشور و نیز مشکلات اقتصادی و اجتماعی در امر نظارت، توجه ویژه به کاربرد فناوری‌های نوین از قبیل الگوهای مدیریت منابع آب زیرزمینی و کنتورهای هوشمند به جهت نظارت بر مقادیر برداشت و نیز روش‌های سنجش از دور کشاورزی و آبیاری با تکنیک هایی از سنسورهای چند طیفی (از جمله حرارتی) تا رصدهای ماهواره ای به جهت شناسایی تغییرات مصرف آب و حجم ذخیره سازی، نظارت بر برداشت از منابع آب سطحی و زیرزمینی، دورسنجی تبخیر و تعرق به عنوان الگوریتم پایش مصارف، کنترل برداشت از کانال‌ها و میزان ذخیره سازی در استخرها به جهت کنترل امر سرقت آب، کنترل رطوبت خاک برای حسابداری کاربری فردی آب و نیز مدیریت مقدار و عمق کاربرد آب آبیاری، ارزیابی دقیق‌تر پیرامون نوع کشت، زمان و مدت آبیاری در مقیاس متنوع‌تر، نظارت بر اراضی به جهت تغییر در الگو و نوع کشت با استفاده از مدل‌های نظارت شده و ارائه نقشه‌های نوع محصولات کشاورزی منطقه و نیز مدیریت محیط زیست محدوده بازار، امری محتمل خواهد بود. اما توجه به دو نکته بسیار ضروری می‌باشد، اولاً روش‌های بسیار بیشتری از قبیل تلفیق مدل‌های تغییرات سطوح آب زیرزمینی و سطحی با روندیابی تغییرات رطوبت و مصرف آب در مزارع و تغییرات الگوی کشت با کمک سنجش از دور وجود دارند که می‌توانند به صورت مکمل برروی بازار آب یک منطقه و بررسی نقش آن در زمینه کمک به مدیریت بازار آب بررسی شوند و به مدیران بازار امکان انتخاب روشی متناسب با نیازهایشان را دهند، به عنوان مثال جهت نظارت بر مصرف آب در یک بازار با استفاده از مدل‌های شبیه‌ساز تغییرات آب‌های زیرزمینی و الگوریتم‌های تعادل انرژی برای برآورد میزان تبخیر و تعرق با استفاده از فناوری سنجش از دور و مقایسه آن با داده‌های زمینی همانند لایسیمتر، مقادیر درصد تغییرات برداشت آب زیرزمینی و مصرف آب در مزارع بازار را مدیریت و ارزیابی نمود. ثانیاً سنجش از دور در موقعیتی است که می‌تواند داده‌های اندازه‌گیری‌شده را در چارچوب منطبق سازی با شرایط واقعی تکمیل نماید که می‌بایست به جهت صحت سنجی در هر منطقه یکبار بصورت میدانی مورد آزمایش و منطبق سازی قرار گیرد، در واقع اگر مدیران یک بازار تصمیم به تهیه نقشه نوع محصولات کشاورزی و الگوی کشت منطقه تحت پوشش یک بازار به جهت مدیریت و برنامه ریزی مصرف آب منطقه داشته باشد، ابتدا می‌بایست در یک بازه زمانی، فصل کشت چندین نوع محصول زراعی و باغی در منطقه را بروی زمین به صورت میدانی، مشخص و سپس با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای ماهانه و به کمک شاخص‌های گیاهی و مدل‌های نظارت شده اقدام به شناسایی نوع محصولات و الگوی کشت منطقه پیش از پیاده‌سازی و مطالعه، حین اجرا و مدیریت ضمن فعالیت بازار آب در آنجا نمایند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A review emphasizing the significant role of monitoring water markets through the efficient use of remote sensing technologies

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mousa Hesam 1
  • Mojtaba Shaker 2
  • Khalil Ghorbani 3
1 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Ph.D. Student of Water Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 Professor, Dept. of Water Engineering, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and objectives: The increasing global demand for water, combined with its limited supply, has led to an imbalance between resources and consumption, driven by both natural limitations and human actions. As a result, the water crisis has emerged as a significant challenge, prompting various developments worldwide and in Iran. One key shift has been from supply-oriented policies toward demand management and the protection of existing water resources. In Iran, the rising demand for agricultural water has intensified the focus on demand management and the establishment of agricultural water markets. Research, both global and domestic, shows that the implementation of water markets in different regions has positively impacted the demand management process. However, for these markets to be effective and sustainable, it is crucial to develop appropriate legal, management, and supervisory infrastructures.
Materials and methods: This article takes a review and analytical approach, focusing on extensive research conducted on water markets worldwide. It first examines the past and present performance of water markets established in various countries and regions of Iran, as referenced in multiple research sources. Next, the article analyzes the general trends and objectives of these markets, discussing their history, establishment, and operational processes. It also highlights their strengths and weaknesses, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and evaluation in the management, sustainability, and future development of these markets through modern technologies. Finally, the article addresses several challenges faced by these markets and discusses the role of remote sensing technology in their monitoring and evaluation. It points out the specific areas where this technology can effectively manage and oversee water markets.
Results: In all the cases studied, market managers have implemented effective measures to address various obstacles and problems. However, the prevailing technical, political, social, and cultural conditions in water markets have significantly impacted their future development due to the lack of continuous field-level monitoring. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a comprehensive and transparent monitoring management framework at all levels that affect these markets. The extensive coverage required in these markets presents a serious challenge. Many reports suggest that utilizing modern technologies, particularly remote sensing systems, could effectively resolve this issue. These technologies are well-suited for monitoring large areas and can play a vital role in controlling water resource withdrawals, tracking performance, and assessing the impact on the markets.
Conclusion: The results of this review-analysis show the special importance of monitoring and evaluating the performance of water markets. Given the growing trend of water markets in the country and the economic and social problems in monitoring, special attention should be paid to the application of modern technologies such as groundwater resource management models and smart meters to monitor withdrawal amounts, as well as agricultural and irrigation remote sensing methods with techniques ranging from multi-spectral sensors (including thermal) to satellite observations to identify changes in water consumption and storage volume, monitoring withdrawal from surface and groundwater resources, remote sensing of evapotranspiration as a consumption monitoring algorithm, controlling withdrawal from canals and the amount of storage in pools to control water theft, controlling soil moisture for individual water use accounting and also managing the amount and depth of irrigation water use, more accurate assessment of the type of cultivation, time and duration of irrigation on a more diverse scale, monitoring land for changes in the pattern and type of cultivation using monitored models, and providing maps of the type of agricultural products in the region, as well as environmental management of the market area, will be possible. But it is very important to note two points. Firstly, there are many more methods, such as combining models of changes in groundwater and surface water levels with tracking changes in moisture and water consumption in farms and changes in cropping patterns with the help of remote sensing, which can be studied in a complementary way on the water market of a region and its role in helping to manage the water market, and allow market managers to choose a method that suits their needs, for example, to monitor water consumption in a market using groundwater change simulation models and energy balance algorithms to estimate the rate of evapotranspiration using remote sensing technology and comparing it with ground data such as lysimeters, to manage and evaluate the percentage changes in groundwater withdrawal and water consumption in market farms. Secondly, remote sensing is in a position to supplement the measured data in the context of adaptation to real conditions, which must be tested and adapted in the field once in each region for accuracy. In fact, if the managers of a market decide to prepare a map of the type of agricultural products and the cultivation pattern of the area covered by a market in order to manage and plan the water consumption of the region, they must first determine the cultivation season of several types of agricultural and horticultural products in the region on the ground in the field over a period of time, and then, using monthly satellite images and with the help of plant indices and monitored models, identify the type of products and the cultivation pattern of the region before implementation and study, during implementation and management while the water market is operating there.
Keywords: Water Market, Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, Remote Sensing.
Keywords: Water Market, Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, Remote Sensing.
Keywords: Water Market, Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, Remote Sensing.
Keywords: Water Market, Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, Remote Sensing.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water market
  • management
  • monitoring and evaluation
  • remote sensing

مراجع

1.Barbier, E. (2019). The Water Paradox: Overcoming the Global Crisis in Water Management. Yale University Press.
2.Grafton, R. Q., Williams, J., Perry, C. J., Molle, F., & Ringler, C. (2018). The paradox of irrigation efficiency. Science, 361 (6404), 748-750.
3.Young, R. A. (1986). Why are there so few transactions among water users? American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68 (5), 1143-1151.
4.Grafton, R. Q., & Wheeler, S. A. (2015). Water economics. In R. Halvorsen and D. Layton (eds), Handbook on the Economics of Natural Resources (pp. 401-420). Edward Elgar Publishing.
5.Quiggin, J. (2001). Environmental economics and the Murray–Darling river system. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 45 (1), 67-94.
6.Wheeler, S. A., & Garrick, D. (2020). A tale of two water markets in Australia: lessons for understanding participation in formal water markets. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36 (1), 132-153.
7.Griffin, R. C. (2006). Water Resource Economics: The Analysis of Scarcity Policies and Projects. MIT Press.
8.Sadoff, C., Hall, J. W., Grey, D., Aerts, J. C. J. H., & Ait-Kadi, M. (2015). Securing Water, Sustaining Growth. Report of the GWP/OECD Task Force on Water Security and Sustainable Growth. Oxford University.
9.Zeraati Neyshabouri, S., & Khozeymehnezhad, H. (2022). A Review on the Role of the Water Market as a Management Approach with an Emphasis on the Situation in Iran. Journal of Water and Irrigation Management. 12 (4), 907-934. [In Persian]
10.Wheeler, S. A., & Xu, Y. (2021). Introduction to Water Markets: an overview and systematic literature review, Water Markets A Global Assessment. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. University of Adelaide, Australia.
11.Bjornlund, H., Wheeler, S., & Cheesman, J. (2011). Irrigators, water trading, the environment and debt: Buying water entitlements for the environment. Basin Futures, 291.
12.Gómez Gómez, C. M., Pérez-Blanco, C. D., Adamson, D., & Loch, A. (2018). Managing water scarcity at a river basin scale with economic instruments. Water Economics and Policy, 4 (1), 1750004. DOI: 10.1142/S2382624X17500047.
13.Griffin, R. C., Peck, D. E., & Maestu, J. (2013). Introduction: myths, principles and issues in water trading. In J. Maestu (ed.), Water Trading and Global Water Scarcity: International Experiences. Pp: 1-14. RFF Press Water Policy Series.
14.Keramatzadeh, A., & Arabi, M. (2020). Investigating the Local Water Markets in the North Khorasan Province (Case Study: Downstream of Shivan Barzoo Dam). Iran-Water Resources Research. 16 (2), 334-345.
15.Du, E., Cai, X., Brozović, N., & Minsker, B. (2017). Evaluating the impacts of farmers' behaviors on a hypothetical agricultural water market based on double auction. Water Resources Research. 53 (5), 4053-4072.
16.Jia, S., Sun, Y., Svensson, J., & Mukherjee, M. (2016). Comparative analysis of water rights entitlements in India and China. Water Policy. 18 (1), 50-67.
17.Matinju M. H., & Alizade, H. (2020). Determination of Operation of the Informal Water Market In Comparison With One Type of the Formal Market (The Case Study of Mojen Region). Water Management in Agriculture.7 (1), 95-108. [In Persian]
18.Chong, H., & Sunding, D. (2006). Water markets and trading. Annual Review of Environmental Resource Economics,
31, 239-264.
19.De Stefano, L., & Hernández-Mora, N. (2016). Los mercados informales de aguas en españa: una visión de conjunto. In J. Gómez-Limón and J. Calatrava (eds), Los Mercados de Agua en España: Presente Y Perspectivas. Cajamar Caja Rural, Amería. pp. 95-121.
20.Mukherji, A. (2008). Spatio-temporal analysis of markets for groundwater irrigation services in India: 1976-1977 to 1997-1998. Hydrogeology Journal, 16 (6), 1077-1087.
21.Easter, K. W., Rosegrant, M. W., & Dinar, A. (1999). Formal and informal markets for water: institutions, performance, constraints. The World Bank Research Observer. 14 (1), 99-116.
22.Pujol, J., Raggi, M., & Viaggi, D. (2005). Agricultural water markets: exploring limits and opportunities in Italy and Spain. 1, 1-13.
23.Howe, C., Schurmeier, D., & Shaw Jr, W. (1986). Innovative approaches to water allocation: the potential for water markets. Water Resources Research, 22 (4), 439-445.
24.Vaux Jr, H. J., & Howitt, R. E. (1984). Managing water scarcity: an evaluation of interregional transfers. Water Resources Research, 20 (7), 785-792.
25.Tahmasebi, A., & Askari Bozayeh, F. (2017). The Water Market and its Promise for Managing Water Demand. Water Management in Agriculture. 4 (2), 45-52. [In Persian]
26.Dinar, A., & Letey, J. (1991). Agricultural water marketing, allocative efficiency, and drainage reduction. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 20 (3), 210-223.
27.Jamali Jaghdani, T., & Brümmer, B. (2015). Determinants of willingness to pay for groundwater: insights from informal water markets in rafsanjan, Iran. International Journal of Water Resources Development. 32 (6), 944-960. [In Persian]
28.Barlow, M., & Clarke, T. (2002). Who owns water?. The Nation, 2 (9), 11-14.
29.Bretreger, D., Yeo, I. Y., Kuczera, G., & Hancock, G. (2021). Remote sensing’s role in improving transboundary water regulation and compliance: The Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Journal of Hydrology X. 13 (1), 1-10.
30.Nazari, M. R. (2016). Water market in theory and practice: Market thumb and public policy. Water and sustainable development, 3 (1), 103-114. [In Persian]
31.Safari, S., Sharghi, S., Kerachian, R., & Noory, H. (2023). A market-based mechanism for long-term groundwater management using remotely sensed data. Journal of Environmental Management. 332 (3), 117409. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jenvman.2023.117409.
32.Sharghi, S., Kerachian, R., & Safari, S. (2023). Market-based Groundwater Resources Management Considering the Uncertainty of Water Consumption Monitoring. Modares Civil Engineering Journal. 23 (4), 143-162. [In Persian]
33.Shaker, M., Hesam, M., ghorbani, K., Hezarjaribi, A., & Oshani, M. (2024). An overview of the development process of water markets in different countries of the world and Iran. 8th International Conference on Agriculture & Environment with sustainable development approach. Center for sustainable development solutions. March 25, 2024. [In Persian]
34.Bjornlund, H., & McKay, J. (2002). Aspects of water markets for developing countries: experiences from Australia, Chile, and the US. Environment and Development Economics, 7 (4), 769-795.
35.Matchaya, G., Nhamo, L., Nhlengethwa, S., & Nhemachena, C. (2019). An overview of water markets in southern Africa: an option for water management in times of scarcity. Water, 11 (5), 1006.
36.Ahmadi, A., Zulfiqaripour, M. A., & Nikoei, A. (2018). Refinements and legal considerations of local water market, case study: Isfahan-Borkhar plain. Iranian Water Resources Research, 14 (5), 137-148. [In Persian]
37.Poshtvan, H. (2022). Groundwater market framework and requirements. Iran water management think tank. Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture of Kerman Province. First edition: July.
38.Hart, B. T. (2016). The Australian Murray–Darling Basin Plan: challenges in its implementation (Part 2). International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32 (6), 835-852.
39.Bagheri, A., & Kiani, G.H. (2012). Final Report on Applied Research Plan A Survey of Local Water Markets in Ardabil Province. Ardabil Regional Water Company. [In Persian]
40.Grafton, R. Q., Garrick, D., Manero, A., & Do, T. N. (2019). The water governance reform framework: overview and applications to Australia, Mexico, Tanzania, USA and Vietnam. Water, 11 (1), 137.
41.Grafton, R. Q., Libecap, G., McGlennon, S., Landry, C., & O’Brien, B. (2020). An integrated assessment of water markets: a cross-country comparison. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy.
42.Williams, J. (2017). Water reform in the Murray-Darling Basin: a challenge in complexity in balancing social, economic and environmental perspectives. J. Proc. R. Soc. New South Wales. 150 (1), 68-92.
43.Wheeler, S. A., Carmody, E., Grafton, R. Q., Kingsford, R. T., & Zuo, A. (2020). The rebound effect on water extraction from subsidising irrigation infrastructure in Australia. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 159.
44.Lock, K., & Leslie, S. (2007). New Zealand’s Quota Management System: a history of the first 20 years. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=978115.
45.Saunders, C., & Saunders, J. (2012). The Economic Value of Potential Irrigation in Canterbury. Lincoln, NZ, Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit. https://researcharchive.lincoln. ac.nz/handle/10182 /6973.
46.Brown, M. A. (2017). Last line of defence: a summary of an evaluation of environmental enforcement in New Zealand. Policy Quarterly, 13 (2), 36-40.
47.Horne, J., & Grafton, R. Q. (2019). The Australian water markets story: incremental transformation. In J. Luetjens, M. Mintrom and P. Hart (eds), Successful Public Policy: Lessons from Australia and New Zealand (pp. 165-190). ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/ spp.2019.07.
48.Rivera, D., Godoy-Faúndez, A., Lillo, M., Alvez, A., Delgado, V., et al. 2016. Legal disputes as a proxy for regional conflicts over water rights in Chile. Journal of Hydrology, 535, 36-45.
49.Herrera, M., Candia, C., Rivera, D., Aitken, D., & Brieba, D. (2019). Understanding water disputes in Chile with text and data mining tools. Water International, 44 (3), 302-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2019.1599774.
50.Donoso, G., Melo, O., & Jordán, C. (2014). Estimating water rights demand and supply: are non market factors important? Water Resource Management, 28 (12), 4201-4218. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11269-014-0739-3.
51.Hearne, R., & Donoso, G. (2014). Water markets in Chile: are they meeting needs?. In Water markets for the 21st century (pp. 103-126). Springer, Dordrecht.
52.Wheeler, S. A., Loch, A., Crase, L., Young, M., & Grafton, R. Q. (2021). Developing a water market readiness assessment framework. In Water Markets. Edward Elgar Publishing.
53.Tabas, A., Garrick, D., & Tremolet, S. (2019). Engagement strategies for water resource management in Eastern England. Nature Conservancy internal report (unpublished).
54.Pittock, J. (2014). Why water and agriculture in southern Africa? In J. Pittock, R. Grafton and C. White (eds), Water, Food and Agricultural Sustainability in Southern Africa (pp. 1-8). Tilde Publishing & Distribution.
55.Bjornlund, H., & Klein, K. K. (2015). Water conservation and trading - policy challenges in Alberta Canada. In K. Burnett, R. Howitt and J. Roumasset (eds), Handbook of Water Economics and Institutions (pp. 381-396). Routledge.
56.Bjornlund, H., Parry, K., Pittock, J., Stirzaker, R., & van Rooyen, A. (2018). Transforming smallholder irrigation into profitable and self-sustaining systems in southern Africa. In Smart Water Management (pp. 330-387). Korean Water Resources Corporation and International Water Resources Association.
57.Wheeler, S. A., Loch, A., Crase, L., Young, M., & Grafton, R. Q. (2017). Developing a water market readiness assessment framework. Journal of Hydrology, 552, 807-820.
58.Lumbroso, D. M., Twigger-Ross, C., Raffensperger, J., Harou, J.J., Silcock, M., & Thompson, A. J. K. (2014). Stakeholders’ responses to the use of innovative trading systems in East Anglia, England. Water Resources Management, 28, 2677-2694.
59.Erfani, T., Binions, O., & Harou, J. J. (2015). Protecting environmental flows through enhanced water licensing and water markets. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19, 675-689.
60.GU. (2011). Abrogazione parziale, a seguito di referendum popolare, del comma 1 dell’articolo 154 del decreto legislativo n. 152 del 2006, in materia di determinazi-one della tariffa del servizio idrico integrato in base all’adeguata remunerazione del capitale investito.
61.Pérez-Blanco, C. D., Koks, E. E., Calliari, E., & Mysiak, J. (2017). Economic impacts of irrigation-constrained agriculture in the Lower Po Basin. Water Economics and Policy, 4 (1), 1750003.
62.Hernández-Mora, N., & Del Moral, L. (2015). Developing markets for water reallocation: Revisiting the experience of Spanish water mercantilización. Geoforum, 62, 143-155.
63.Garrido, A., Rey, D., & Calatrava, J. (2012). Water trading in Spain. Water, agriculture and the environment in Spain: can we square the circle, 205-216.
64.Strosser, P., & Montginoul, M. (2001). Vers des marchés de l’eau en France? Quelques éléments de reflexion. Annales Des Mines, 23, 13-31.
65.Rinaudo, J. D., Montginoul, M., Varanda, M., & Bento, S. (2012). Envisioning innovative groundwater regulation policies through scenario workshops in France and Portugal. Irrigation and Drainage, 61 (1), 65-74.
66.Graveline, N., & Mérel, P. (2014). Intensive and extensive margin adjustments to water scarcity in France’s Cereal Belt. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 41 (5) 707-743.
67.Zhuang, W. (2016). Eco-environmental impact of inter-basin water transfer projects: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23 (13), 12867-12879.
68.Seidl, C., Wheeler, S. A., & Zuo, A. (2020). Treating water markets like stock markets: key water market reform lessons in the Murray‒Darling Basin. Journal of Hydrology, 581, 124399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124399.
69.Government of India. (2017). Report of 5th Census of Minor Irrigation Schemes. www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Report%20of%205th%20Census%20of%20Minor%2.pdf.
70.Hassan, M. (2016). Water security in Pakistan: issues and challenges. United Nations Development Programme Pakistan, Development Advocate Pakistan, 3, 4. https://www.undp.org/ content/dam/pakistan/docs/DevelopmentPolicy/DAP%20Volume3,%English.pdf.
71.FAO. (2011). Indus Basin River. Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures - AQUASTAT Survey - 2011. Food and Agriculture Organization.
72.Watto, M. A. (2015). The economics of groundwater irrigation in the Indus Basin, Pakistan: tube-well adoption, technical and irrigation water efficiency and optimal allocation. University of Western Australia, Doctoral thesis.
73.Nawaz, M. (2018). Water market in Pakistan - a case for revenue generation and water security. International Symposium on ‘Creating a Water Secure Pakistan’, Islamabad, Pakistan.
74.Rajabpour, S., & Mohabi, M. (2015). Collaborative management of irrigation in Majen region (A case study of a successful example, Iran - Semnan province - Shahroud city). National Congress of Irrigation and Drainage of Iran. [In Persian]
75.Namdari Qarghani, E., & Shokohi, E. (2018). Investigating the water market mechanism in different countries. The first national conference of agricultural and environmental sciences of Iran. [In Persian]
76.Zarghami, M., Saffari, N., & Rashidi, M. (2015). Suggestion of efficient local water market structures for the Osku regions, East Azarbaijan, According national and international experiences. Applied Research Plan. East Azerbaijan Regional Water Management Company. [In Persian]
77.Kiani, G. H., & Bagheri. (2015). Investigating the economic consequences of local water markets (case study of Ardabil city). Iranian Water Research Journal. 10 (1), 163-169.
78.Walker, B. (2019). Murray-Darling Basin Royal Commission Report. Murray-Darling Basin Royal Commission, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
79.Inspector-General Murray-Darling Basin. (2020). Impact of lower inflows on state shares under the Murray–Darling Basin Agreement. Interim Inspector-General of Murray-Darling Basin Water Resources, Canberra, ACT, Aus.
80.Business, Q. L. D. (2019). Water Resource Compliance and Enforcement. Business Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
81.QLD DNRME. (2019). Rural water management program, Proposals for strengthening nonurban water measurement. QLD Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
82.MDB Ministerial Council. (2018). Murray-Darling Basin Compliance Compact. Murray Darling Basin Ministerial Council: Australian Government, New South Wales Government, Victorian Government, Queensland Government, South Australian Government and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
83.NSW DPIE. (2020). The Natural Resources Access Regulator Progress Report 2019-20. NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
84.Holley, C., & Sinclair, D. (2012). Compliance and enforcement of water licences in NSW: limitations in law, policy and institutions. Austral. J. Natural Resour. Law Policy. 15 (2), 149-189.
85.Sharghi, S., & Kerachian, R. (2022). A seasonal smart market mechanism for sustainable groundwater management in agricultural regions. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 32, 214-229.
86.De Leeuw, J. (2010). The Function of Remote Sensing in Support of Environmental Policy. Remote Sensing. 2 (7), 1731-1750. https://doi.org/10. 3390/rs2071731.
87.Lein, J. K. (2011). Tracking environmental compliance and remediation trajectories using image-based anomaly detection methodologies. Remote Sensing. 3 (11), 2384-2402. https://doi.org/10. 3390/rs 3112384.
88.Rose, R. A. (2015). Ten ways remote sensing can contribute to conservation. Conserv. Biol. 29 (2), 350-9. DOI:10.1111/cobi.12397.
89.Bretreger, D., Yeo, I. Y., Hancock, G., & Willgoose, G. (2020). Monitoring irrigation using landsat observations and climate data over regional scales in the Murray-Darling Basin. J. Hydrol. 590 https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020. 125356.
90.Karthikeyan, L., Chawla, I., & Mishra, A. K. (2020). A review of remote sensing applications in agriculture for food security: crop growth and yield, irrigation, and crop losses. J. Hydrol. 586.
91.Dhu, T., et al. (2017). Digital earth Australia – unlocking new value from earth observation data. Big Earth Data
1 (1-2), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 20964471.2017.1402490.
92.Bretreger, D., et al. (2019). Monitoring irrigation water use over paddock scales using climate data and landsat observations. Agric. Water Manag. 221, 175-191. https:// doi.org/10.1016/ j.agwat.2019.05.002.
93.Krause, C., & Reinfelds, I. (2020). Digital Earth Australia and NSW NRAR collaboration. DEA Showcase August (2020), Geoscience Australia.
94.Purdy, R. (2010). Satellite Monitoring of Environmental Laws: Lessons to Be Learnt from Australia, Centre for Law and the Environment, Faculty of Laws, University College London, United Kingdom. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1744018.
95.Purdy, R. (2009). Using earth observation technologies for better regulatory compliance and enforcement of environmental laws. J. Environ. Law 22 (1), 59-87. https://doi.org/10.1093/ jel/eqp027.
96.Foster, T., Mieno, T., & Brozovi´c, N., (2020). Satellite-based monitoring of irrigation water use: assessing measurement errors and their implications for agricultural water management policy. Water Resour. Res. 56 (11) https://doi.org/10.1029/2020 wr028378.
97.Matthews, K. (2017b). Independent investigation into NSW water management and compliance - interim report. New South Wales Department of Industry, NSW, Australia.
98.NSW DPIE. (2019). Natural Resources Access Regulator Progress Report 2018-19. NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
99.Matthews, K. (2017a). Independent investigation into NSW water management and compliance - final report. New South Wales Department of Industry, NSW, Australia.
100.Vertessy, R. (2019). Independent Assessment of the 2018-19 Fish Death in the Lower Darling. Australian Government, Australia.
101.Sudmann, M., et al. (2019). Big Earth Data: disruptive changes in Earth observation data management and analysis? Int. J. Digital Earth. https:// doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2019.1585976.
مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 32، شماره 1
فروردین 1404
صفحه 57-79

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار