اثر اندازه ذرات زغال زیستی بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، هیدرولیکی و منحنی رطوبتی خاک لوم‌شنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران.

2 نویسنده مسئول، استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران.

3 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: بررسی کاربرد زغال زیستی بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی خاک به‌واسطه تأثیر در حفظ آب و مدیریت آن اهمیت دارد. بررسی منابع نشان داد که مورد اثر اندازه ذرات زغال زیستی ساقه گیاه آفتابگردان بر خصوصیات فیزیکی، هیدرولیکی و رطوبتی خاک مطالعات کاملی انجام نشده است. لذا هدف از این تحقیق بررسی تأثیر اندازه ذرات زغال زیستی ساقه گیاه آفتابگردان بر برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی خاک لوم‌شنی در شرایط آزمایشگاهی بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: در ابتدا زغال زیستی از قرار دادن زیست‌توده ساقه آفتابگردان در دمای 400 درجه سلسیوس به مدت 6 ساعت به‌دست آمد. پس از ادغام با خاک به مدت 120 روز در شرایط رطوبتی ظرفیت زراعی نگهداری شد. به منظور بررسی خصوصیات فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی خاک از ترکیب 3 درصد وزنی سه اندازه 5/0-0، 1-5/0 و 2-1 میلی‌متر ذرات زغال زیستی ساقه آفتابگردان با یک خاک لوم‌شنی استفاده شد. بدین منظور پارامترهای جرم مخصوص ظاهری، تخلخل، رطوبت اشباع، رطوبت ظرفیت مزرعه، آب قابل دسترس، رطوبت در نقطه پژمردگی دائم، شدت جریان، سرعت جریان، هدایت هیدرولیکی، سرعت آب حفره‌ای و منحنی رطوبتی اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اندازه ذرات زغال زیستی بر خصوصیات فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی در سطح احتمال 1 درصد و همچنین بر نگهداشت آب خاک در سطح احتمال 5 درصد تاثیر معنی‌داری دارد. کاربرد اندازه 1-5/0 میلی‌متری زغال زیستی بیش‌ترین تأثیر را بر خصوصیات خاک داشت به طوری‌که که باعث کاهش 74/14 درصدی جرم مخصوص ظاهری، افزایش 17/21، 5/22، 78/34 و 44/44 درصدی تخلخل، رطوبت اشباع، رطوبت ظرفیت مزرعه و آب قابل دسترس نسبت به خاک شاهد شد. کاربرد اندازه ذرات 5/0-0، میلی‌متر زغال زیستی موجب افزایش 39/24 درصدی رطوبت پژمردگی دائم و کاهش 93/92 درصدی شدت جریان، سرعت جریان، هدایت هیدرولیکی و همچنین کاهش 04/94 درصدی سرعت آب حفره‌ای نسبت به خاک شاهد شد. بررسی منحنی مشخصه رطوبتی نشان داد هر سه اندازه ذرات زغال زیستی سبب افزایش نگهداشت آب در خاک شد. زغال زیستی باعث افزایش رطوبت حجمی در همه نقاط اندازه‌گیری به‌ویژه در مکش 0 تا 2000 سانتی‌متر شد. در این دامنه از مکش، زغال زیستی باعث افزایش منافذ متوسط و ریز و در نتیجه افزایش نگهداشت آب خاک در این مکش شد. افزودن زغال زیستی به خاک هم‌چنین سبب افزایش رطوبت ظرفیت مزرعه، نقطه پژمردگی دائم و آب قابل استفاده شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک با دسترسی محدود به منابع آبی پایدار، عموماً دارای خاک‌های با بافت سبک با ظرفیت نگهداری آب کم هستند. لذا این خاک‌ها در اولویت اصلاح ساختمان و در نتیجه بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی می‌باشند. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده از این پژوهش کاربرد زغال زیستی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی این خاک‌ها را بهبود می‌بخشد. لذا یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌تواند در مدیریت آب بسیار کاربردی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of biochar particle size on physical, hydraulic properties and soil water characteristics curve of sandy loam soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Allahy Ashloblagh 1
  • Hamid Zare Abyaneh 2
  • عاطفه Azadifar 3
1 M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
2 Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
3 Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and objectives: Investigating the application of biochar on the physical and hydraulic properties of soil is important due to its effect on water conservation and management. According to our knowledge, no complete studies have been done on the effect of sunflower stem biochar particle size on the physical, hydraulic and soil moisture characteristics of the soil. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of sunflower stem biochar particle size on some physical and hydraulic properties of sandy loam soil in laboratory conditions.
Materials and methods: In order to investigate the physical and hydraulic properties of the soil, a combination of 3% by weight of three sizes of 0.5, 0.5-1 and 1-2 mm sunflower stem biochar particles was used with a sandy loam soil. For this purpose, the parameters of bulk density, porosity, saturated moisture, field capacity moisture, available water, moisture at permanent wilting point, discharge, flow velocity, hydraulic conductivity, pore water velocity and soil water characteristics curves were measured.
Results: The results showed that the size of biochar particles has a significant effect on physical and hydraulic properties at the 1% probability level and also on soil water retention at the 5% probability level. The application of 0.5-1 mm size of biochar had the greatest effect on soil properties, so that it caused a decrease of 14.74% in bulk density, an increase of 21.17, 22.5, 34.78 and 44.44% in porosity, saturated moisture, field capacity and available water compared to control soil. Application of 0-0.5 mm particles of biochar caused a 24.39% increase in permanent wilting moisture and a 92.93% decrease in discharge, flow velocity, hydraulic conductivity, and also a 94.04% decrease in pore water velocity compared to the control soil. Investigating the soil water characteristics curves showed that all three sizes of biochar particles increased water retention in the soil. Biochar caused an increase in volumetric moisture content at all measurement points, especially at suction from 0 to 2000 cm. In this range of suction, biochar increased medium and fine pores and thus increased soil water retention in this suction. The addition of biochar to the soil also increased the field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water.
Conclusion: Arid and semi-arid areas with limited access to sustainable water resources generally have light textured soils with low water holding capacity. Therefore, these soils are the priority for structure improvement and as a result improving physical and hydraulic properties. According to the obtained results, the application of biochar improves the physical and hydraulic characteristics of these soils. Therefore, the findings of this research can be very useful in water management.
Key words: Sunflower stem biochar, particle size, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sunflower stem biochar
  • particle size
  • bulk density
  • saturated hydraulic conductivity
  • available water
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