استراتژی‌های نوین زیست‌پالایی: بهبود خاک آلوده و حفاظت از محیط زیست از طریق فناوری‌های اومیکس و روش‌های میکروبی

نوع مقاله : مروری (مدعو)

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، گروه فیزیولوژی ملکولی، پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

2 گروه زیست‌شناسی سیستم‌ها، پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

چکیده

زیست‌پالایی به عنوان یک استراتژی حیاتی در مبارزه با آلودگی محیطی، به ویژه خاک می‌باشد. افزایش فعالیت‌های صنعتی و کشاورزی و ورود آلاینده‌های دیر تخریب پذیر و سمی آلودگی های خاک را تشدید کرده است. فلزات سنگین مثل سرب و روی با گذشت زمان تجزیه نشده و می‌توانند در زنجیره غذایی تجمع یافته و یک خطر پایدار برای محیط و سلامت انسان‌ها ایجاد کنند. علاوه بر این ترکیبات شیمیایی مانند علف‌کش‌ها و حشره‌کش‌ها، به دلیل پایداری و دوام بالا مشکل مشابهی ایجاد می‌کنند. در حالی که روش‌های شیمیایی و فیزیکی مختلفی برای بهبود خاک وجود دارند، رویکرد زیستی به دلیل پایداری بالا و اثر ‌تخریبی پایین به اکوسیستم‌های بومی بیشتر مورد توجه می‌باشند. زیست پالایی به استفاده از موجودات طبیعی برای تجزیه مواد خطرناک به شکل‌های کم‌خطرتر می‌پردازد. میکروارگانیسم‌ها نقش اساسی در زیست‌پالایی ایفا می‌کنند. علاوه بر این، گیاهان می‌توانند با همزیستی با باکتری‌ها کارآیی فرایند زیست پالایی را بهبود بخشیده و با تجزیه سریع‌تر آلاینده‌ها مدت زمان مورد نیاز برای بازیابی بهره‌وری خاک را کاهش می‌دهد. استفاده از گیاهان و میکروارگانیسم‌های بومی، به‌خصوص در کشورهای با تنوع زیستی بالا چون ایران، یک گام مهم در جهت استفاده پایدار از این فناوری است. گیاهان و میکروارگانیسم‌های بومی توانایی استفاده بهتر از شرایط محیطی را دارند و با کمترین تغییرات محیطی، بیشترین کارایی را دارا می‌باشند.در حال حاضر پیشرفت‌های فناوری‌های "امیکس" مانند ژنومیکس، پروتئومیکس، و متابولومیکس، مسیرهای جدیدی را برای مطالعه و استفاده از تکنیک‌های زیست پالایی فراهم کرده است. این تکنولوژی های پیشرفته امکان مطالعه ارگانیسم‌ها را در سطح مولکولی با تولید کلان داده برای شناسایی مؤثرترین ریزجانداران‌ها برای انواع خاصی از آلاینده‌ها فراهم می کند. بر اساس نوع و میزان آلودگی، زیست پالایی می‌تواند به دو صورت در محل (in-situ) یا خارج از محل (ex-situ) اجرا شود. زیست پالایی در محل، خاک آلوده را در محل بهبود می‌دهد، در حالی که زیست پالایی خارج از محل شامل حذف خاک آلوده و بهبود وضعیت آن در مکان دیگری می‌شود. هر دو روش دارای مزایا و محدودیت‌هایی است که قبل از اجرا باید با دقت ارزیابی شوند. با اینحال، استفاده از ترکیب روش‌های گیاه‌پالایی و زیست پالایی میکروبی کارایی را افزایش داده و با کاهش هزینه ها سبب می شود که کل فرآیند از نظر اقتصادی به راحتی قابل اجرا باشد. این مطالعه با هدف ارائه یک منبع جامع طراحی شده است تا به درک بهتری از روش‌های مختلف در زیست پالایی کمک کند. علاوه ‌براین راهبردهای پایدار و مؤثر برای تبدیل زمین‌های آلوده غیر قابل کشت به مناطق قابل کشت پیشنهاد می‌کند و مزایای زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی را برای استفاده مجدد از این زمین‌ها در آینده ارائه می‌دهد. در نهایت آنچه پیش روی زیست پالایی است، تبدیل زیست پالایی به یک ابزار محوری در توسعه پایدار می‌باشد. علاوه براین، از تجزیه آلاینده‌های صنعتی گرفته تا احیای محیط‌های طبیعی آسیب‌دیده، زیست‌پالایی می‌تواند در تأمین یک زندگی بهتر و سالم‌تر برای نسل‌های آتی نقش مهمی ایفا کند. این رویکرد چندوجهی و توسعه‌پذیر می‌تواند یکی از کلیدهای موفقیت در مدیریت محیط زیست پایدار در قرن بیست و یکم باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Novel Bioremediation Strategies: Enhancing Polluted Soil and Protecting the Environment through Omics Technologies and Microbial Approaches

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nayer Azam Khoshkholghsima 1
  • Fatemeh Loni 2
  • Mohammad Reza Ghaffari 2
1 Corresponding Author, Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
2 Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Bioremediation is a crucial strategy in combating environmental pollution, particularly in soil. The escalation of industrial and agricultural activities, coupled with the introduction of non-degradable and toxic pollutants, has exacerbated soil contamination. Heavy metals, such as lead and zinc, resistant to degradation over time, potentially accumulating in the food chain and posing persistent threats to both the environment and human health. Similarly, chemical compounds like herbicides and insecticides present challenges due to their prolonged stability and persistence. Although various chemical and physical methods exist for soil remediation, the biological approach gains more attention due to its sustainability and minimal impact on native ecosystems. Bioremediation leverages natural organisms to transform hazardous substances into less harmful forms. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in this process. Furthermore, plants can enhance bioremediation efficiency through symbiotic relationships with bacteria, accelerating the degradation of pollutants and accelerating soil productivity restoration. The use of native plants and microorganisms, especially in countries with high biodiversity such as Iran, is an important step towards the sustainable use of this technology. Native plants and microorganisms have the ability to make better use of environmental conditions and are most efficient with minimal environmental changes. Recent advancements in 'omics' technologies, such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have opened new avenues for the exploration and application of bioremediation techniques. These advance technologies enable molecular-level studies of organisms by generating big data to identify the most effective microorganisms for specific pollutants. Bioremediation can be applied in two primary ways: in situ or ex situ. In-situ bioremediation addresses contaminated soil directly on-site, whereas ex-situ bioremediation involves the removal of contaminated soil to another location for remediation. Each approach has its advantages and limitations, necessitating careful consideration prior to implementation. The integration of phytoremediation and microbial bioremediation methods can enhance efficiency and reduce costs, making the process economically viable. This study aims to serve as a comprehensive guide to understanding the diverse methodologies in bioremediation. Furthermore, it proposes sustainable and effective strategies to transform non-arable polluted lands into arable areas, offering environmental and economic benefits for future land reuse. Finally, what is ahead of bioremediation is turning bioremediation into a central tool in sustainable development. In addition, from the decomposition of industrial pollutants to the restoration of damaged natural environments, bioremediation can play an important role in providing a better and healthier life for future generations. This multifaceted and expandable approach can be one of the keys to success in sustainable environmental management in the 21st century.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bioremediation
  • Omics
  • microorganisms
  • contaminated soil
  • environment
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