ارزیابی تاثیر استفاده از تالاب‎های مصنوعی در تصفیه فاضلاب خانگی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، استاد گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

4 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: افزایش جمعیت بشری و رشد مصرف آب از یک سو و افزایش تولید فاضلاب از سوی دیگر موجب گسترش تهدید آلودگی محیط‎زیست گردیده است. اهداف مطالعه حاضر راه‎اندازی پایلوت برای بومی‎سازی دانش طراحی تالاب مصنوعی مطابق با وضعیت کمی و کیفی فاضلاب خانگی در ایران (خوابگاه دانشجویی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری) و بررسی امکان جایگزینی سامانه‌های تالابی به‌جای سامانه‌های مرسوم تصفیه فاضلاب خانگی در کشور بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه در محل دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری با احداث شش تالاب مصنوعی به طول 3 متر، عرض 2 متر و ارتفاع 5/1 متر با استفاده از بتن مسلح انجام شد که یکی از استخرها به دلیل نشت از مدار خارج گردید. داخل استخرها با استفاده از فیلترهای مصنوعی در عمق‎های مختلف (یک متر: d1 و یک متر و سی سانت: d2) و فیلتر گیاهی (نی معمولی: p1 و نی قمیش: p2) پر و کشت شدند. D10 و ضریب یکنواختی (CU) مصالح بستر به ترتیب 2 میلی‌متر و 625/3 از آزمایش دانه‌بندی، و هدایت هیدرولیکی بستر و تخلخل آن نیز به ترتیب 523/2 سانتی‌متر بر ثانیه و 2/39 درصد به دست آمد. SSA مصالح بستر 336/1 مترمربع در هر کیلوگرم (2245 مترمربع در هر مترمکعب مصالح بستر) محاسبه شد. فاضلاب خروجی مخزن سپتیکِ بافلد خوابگاه پس از یک مرحله ته‌نشینی و رقیق‌سازی به‌وسیله پمپ روی بسترها تزریق شد. در اولین بارگذاری، بسترها تا زیر سطح غرقاب شده و زمان ماند سه روز را برای اولین نمونه‌برداری طی نمودند. پارامترهای کیفیت فاضلاب شامل اکسیژن‎خواهی بیوشیمیایی(BOD)، اکسیژن‎خواهی شیمیایی(COD)، ذرات جامد معلق(TSS)، کلیفرم مدفوعی FC و مجموع کلیفرم مدفوعی TC برای بررسی عملکرد تصفیه سامانه مورد پایش قرار گرفتند.
یافته‌ها: گرچه فاضلاب تزریقی تا 25% رقیق شده بود، اما عملکرد حذف قابل‌توجه 51 تا 55، 41 تا 79، 74 تا 89، 70 تا 3/95 و 78 تا 95 درصد به ترتیب برای BOD، COD، TSS، FC و TC در تیمارهای مختلف به دست آمد. در بین تیمارها، ضعیف‌ترین عملکرد مربوط به تیمار P1D2 و بهترین عملکرد تصفیه هم در تیمار P2D1 مشاهده شد که نشان‌دهنده غلبه خصوصیات فیزیکی سامانه‌ها در ابتدای دوره راه‌اندازی بر عملکرد تصفیه است. بااین‌حال، عملکرد اولیه تصفیه سامانه، بسیار امیدوارکننده بوده و حذف برخی پارامترها مانند TSS و FC در حد متوسط یک سامانه تصفیه تالابی تمام‌عیار بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: این فناوری تصفیه فاضلاب، به کلیه مدیران و متخصصان صنعت فاضلاب کشور توصیه می‌شود، بخصوص در بخش روستایی که دارای زمین ارزان و جمعیت کمتر از 5000 نفر هستند. این شرایط شامل کلیه شهرک‌ها، دانشگاه‌ها، پادگان‌ها و مراکز نظامی نیز می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the effect of using artificial wetlands in domestic wastewater treatment

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Shahnazari 1
  • Raheb Mahfoouzi 2
  • Jalal Aldin Moradisahra 2
  • Rassol Nouri Khajebelagh 2
  • Zahra Bagheri khalili 2
  • Mojtaba Khoshravesh 3
  • Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi 3
  • Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali 4
1 Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Water Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
2 Ph.D. Student in Irrigation and Drainage, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
3 Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
4 Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The increase in the human population and the growth in water consumption on one hand, and the rise in sewage production on the other hand, have led to the expansion of environmental pollution threats. The objectives of the present study include launching a pilot project for the localization of knowledge in the design of artificial wetlands in accordance with the quantitative and qualitative conditions of domestic sewage in Iran (specifically, the dormitory of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in Sari) and investigating the possibility of replacing wetland systems with conventional domestic sewage treatment systems in the country.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in Sari, involving the construction of six artificial wetlands, each with a length of 3 meters, width of 2 meters, and a height of 1.5 meters, using reinforced concrete. One of the ponds was excluded from the system due to leakage. Inside the ponds, artificial filters at different depths (1 meter: d1 and 1 meter and 30 centimeters: d2) and plant filters (Phragmites australis: p1 and Arundo donax: p2) were filled and planted. D10 and the coefficient of unifo rmity (CU) of the substrate materials were obtained as 2 millimeters and 3.625, respectively, from the grain size analysis. The hydraulic conductivity and porosity of the substrate were 2.523 cm/s and 39.2%, respectively. The specific surface area (SSA) of the substrate materials was calculated as 1.336 m²/kg (2245 m²/m³ of substrate materials). The effluent from the septic tank of the dormitory's baffled septic tank was injected onto the beds after a settling and dilution stage using a pump. In the initial loading, the beds were submerged below the surface, and a three-day retention time was allowed for the first sampling. Quality parameters of the wastewater, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), fecal coliform (FC), and total coliform (TC), were monitored to assess the performance of the treatment system.
Results: Although the injected wastewater was diluted up to 25%, a significant removal efficiency of 51 to 55, 41 to 79, 74 to 89, 70 to 95.3, and 78 to 95 percent was achieved for BOD, COD, TSS, FC, and TC, respectively, in different treatments. Among the treatments, the weakest performance was associated with treatment P1D2, while the best purification performance was observed in treatment P2D1. This indicates the dominance of the physical characteristics of the systems at the beginning of the startup period on the purification performance. However, the initial performance of the treatment system was very promising and the removal of some parameters such as TSS and FC was at the average level of a full-fledged wetland treatment system.
Conclusion: This wastewater treatment technology is recommended for all managers and experts in the country's wastewater industry, especially in rural areas with inexpensive land and a population of fewer than 5000 people. These conditions encompass all towns, universities, military barracks, and military facilities as well.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Plant filter
  • artificial filter
  • septic
  • turbidity

مراجع

1.Kazemzadeh Khoei, J., & Noori, A. S. (2011). Phytoremediation. No (1), Academic Jihad Publications. 556p. [In Persian]
2.Sheykhan, A. (2012). Improvement of Urban Wastewater Moved Through Two Porous Medias with Horizontal and Vertical Flows Cultivated with Cyperus. Master's thesis in water science and engineering. Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. 82p. [In Persian]
3.Fattahi, K., Babazadeh, H., & Shirshahi, F. (2016). Yield Barley and its Components Irrigated with Brackish and Grey Water. Water Resources Engineering, 8 (27), 23-30. [In Persian]
4.Abedi-Koupai, J., & Afyuni, M. (2003). Phytoremediation of lead contaminated soils in central Iran. In Proceedings of International Conference on Soil and Ground Water Contamination and Clean up in Arid Countries. 20-23 p.
5.Shahnazari, A., & Mahforouzi, R. (2017). constructed wetlands treatment of municipal wastewaters. No (1), Academic Jihad Publications. 385p. [In Persian]
6.Omidinia-Anarkoli, T., & Shayannejad, M. (2021). Improving the quality of stabilization pond effluents using hybrid constructed wetlands. Science of The Total Environment, 801, 149615.
7.Darvish-Motevalli, M., Moradnia, M., Asgaric, A., Noorisepehrd, M., & Mohammadi, H. (2019). Reduction of pathogenic microorganisms in an Imhoff tank constructed wetland system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 154, 283-288.
8.Nazarpoor, R., Farasati, M., Fathaabadi, A., & Gholizadeh, M. (2020). Investigating the efficiency of surface flow constructed wetlands by using Cyperus alternifolius plants for nitrate removal from water. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 13 (1), 135-148. [In Persian]
9.Gholipour, A., & Stefanakis, A. I. (2021). A full-scale anaerobic baffled reactor and hybrid constructed wetland for university dormitory wastewater treatment and reuse in an arid and warm climate. Ecological Engineering, 170, 106360.
10.Gholipour, A., Zahabi, H., & Stefanakis, A. I. (2020). A novel pilot and full- scale constructed wetland study for
glass industry wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, 247, 125966.
11.Lotfi, A., & Mamaghninejad, M. (2020). The Use of Sub-Surface Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
in Cold Arid Climate. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology, 23 (4), 253-265. [In Persian]
12.Zhu, T., Gao, J., Huang, Z., Shang, N., Gao, J., Zhang, J., & Cai, M. (2021). Comparison of performance of two large-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands treating wastewater treatment plant tail-water: Contaminants removal and associated microbial community. Journal of environmental management, 271, 111564.
13.Kulshreshtha, N. M., Verma, V., Soti, A., Brighu, U., & Gupta, A. B. (2022). Exploring the contribution of plant species in the performance of constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology Reports, 101038 p.
14.Jack, H. (2021). Engineering Design, Planning, and Management, 2nd ed. Academic Press. https: //doi.org/ 10.1016/C2019-0-01770-0.
15.UN-HABITAT. (2008). Constructed Wetlands Manual. UN-HABITAT Water for Asian Cities Program Nepal, Kathmandu. 274p
16.Kadlec, R. H., & Wallace, S. (2008). Treatment wetlands. CRC press. 89p. 
17.Bahmani, O., Mottaghi, S., & Atlasi Pak, V. (2022). Investigating the possibility the Use of Treated Wastewater in phytoremediation of diesel contaminated soil. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 29 (3), 1-21.
18.Knight, R. L., Kadlec, R. H., & Ohlendorf, H. M. (1999). The use of treatment wetlands for petroleum industry effluents. Environmental Science Technology, 33, 973-980.
19.Austin, D. (2006). Influence of cation exchange capacity (CEC) in a tidal flow, flood and drain wastewater treatment wetland. Ecological Engineering, 28 (1), 35-43.
20.Kadlec, R., Knight, R., Vymazal, J., Brix, H., Cooper, P., & Haberl, R. (2000). Constructed wetlands for pollution control: Processes, performance, design and operation. IWA publishing.
21.Lee, B. H., Scholz, M., & Horn, A. (2006). Constructed wetlands: Treatment of Concentrated Storm Water Runoff (Part A). Environmental Engineering Science, 23, 320-332.
22.Rousseau, D. P. L., Vanrolleghem, P. A., & Pauw, N. D. (2004). Constructed wetlands in Flanders: a performance analysis. Ecological Engineering, 23 (3), 151-163.
23.Vymazal, J., & Kröpfelová, L. (2011). A three-stage experimental constructed wetland for treatment of domestic sewage: First 2 years of operation. Ecological Engineering, 37 (1), 90-98.
24.García-Ávila, F., Patiño-Chávez, J., Zhinín-Chimbo, F., Donoso-Moscoso, S., Flores del Pino, L., & Avilés-Añazco, A. (2019). Performance of Phragmites Australis and Cyperus Papyrus in the treatment of municipal wastewater by vertical flow subsurface constructed wetlands. International Soil and Water Conservation Research.
25.Wallace, S. D. (2006). Feasibility, Design Criteria, and O & M Requirements for Small Scale Constructed Wetland Wastewater Treatment Systems. IWA Publishing, Volume 5.
26.USGS. (2009). Processing of Water Samples Instructions for Filed Use of Spike, Solutions for Organic-Analyte Samples. Sandstrom, M.W. and Lewis, J.A. Chapter A5 In: Processing of Water Samples. 8 p.
27.Mitterer-Reichmann, G. M. (2002). Data evaluation of constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater. Paper presented at the 8th international conference on wetland treatment for water pollution control, Arusha, Tanzania, September 2002.
28.Brix, H. (2003). Danish experiences with wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands. Paper presented at the International Seminar on “The use of aquatic macrophytes for wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands’, Lisbon, Portugal, May 2003.
29.Machado, A. I., Beretta, M., Fragoso, R., & Duarte, E. (2017). Overview of the state of the art of constructed wetlands for decentralized wastewater management in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Management, 187, 560-570.
30.Moreira, F. D., & Oliveira Dias, E. H. (2020). Constructed wetlands applied in rural sanitation: a review. Environmental Research, 110016 p.
31.Parde, D., Patwa, A., Shukla, A., Vijay, R., Killedar, D. J., & Kumar, R. (2021). A review of constructed wetland on type, treatment and technology of wastewater. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 21, 101261.
32.Stefanakis, A., Akratos, C. S., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2014). Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands, Eco-engineering Systems for Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Elsevier Inc. publication. 329 p.
33.Rozema, E., Vander Zaag, A., Wood, J., Drizo, A., Zheng, Y., Madani, A., & Gordon, R. (2016). Constructed Wetlands for Agricultural Wastewater Treatment in Northeastern North America: A Review. Water, 8 (5), 173.
34.Weedon, C. M. (2003). Compact vertical flow constructed wetland systems - first two years’ performance. Water Science and Technology, 48 (5), 15-23.
35.Sanchez, A. A., Ferreira, A. C., Stopa, J. M., Cardoso Bellato, F., Araújo de Jesus, T., Gomes Coelho, L. H., Domingues, M. R., Subtil, E. L., Matheus, D. R., & Frederigi Benassi, R. (2018). Organic Matter, Turbidity, and Apparent Color Removal in Planted (Typha sp. and Eleocharis sp.) and Unplanted Constructed Wetlands. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 144 (10), 1-12.
36.Zhao, Y. J., Liu, B., Zhang, W. G., Ouyang, Y., & An, S. Q. (2010). Performance of pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands in responding to variation in influent C/N ratios of simulated urban sewage. Bioresource Technology, 101 (6), 1693-1700.
37.Sgroi, M., Pelissari, C., Roccaro, P., Sezerino, P. H., García, J., Vagliasindi, F. G. A., & Ávila, C. (2018). Removal of organic carbon, nitrogen, emerging contaminants and fluorescing organic matter in different constructed wetland configurations. Chemical Engineering Journal, 332, 619-627.
38.Cooper, P. F. (2005). The performance of vertical flow constructed wetland systems with special reference to the significance of oxygen transfer and hydraulic loading rates. Water Science and Technology, 51 (9), 81-90.
مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 30، شماره 4
دی 1402
صفحه 57-79

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار