اثر سوزاندن کاه و کلش گندم برآب‌گریزی و برخی ویژگی‌های خاک در مزارع شهرستان دزفول

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، استادیار گروه خاکشناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه خاکشناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: سوزاندن بقایای گیاهی یکی از معمولی‌ترین روش مدیریت زمین‌های زراعی است ولی نگرانی در مورد پیامدهای منفی زیست محیطی ناشی از آن در حال گسترش است. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی اثر آتش زدن کاه و کلش گندم بر آب‌گریزی خاک و تغییرات زمانی آن بر ویژگی‌های خاک است.
مواد و روش‌ها: به این منظور اقدام به جمع‌آوری بقایا و کاه کلش بجای مانده از مزارع گندم کرده و به ضخامت 0، 2 و 10 سانتی‌متر روی سطح خاک مزرعه قرار گرفت و آتش‌سوزی انجام شد. سپس در سه زمان‌ (24 ساعت، 10 و 30 روز) پس از آتش‌سوزی همراه با شاهد (قبل از آتشسوزی) از لایه ۰-۵ سانتی‌متری خاک سطحی نمونه‌برداری و برخی ویژگی‌های خاک شامل واکنش خاک، هدایت الکتریکی، مواد آلی، درصد فراوانی ذرات خاک، نفوذپذیری، آب‌گریزی خاک به روش مولاریته قطره اتانول MED و زمان نفوذ قطره آب WDPT اندازه‌گیری شد. در مجموع ۳۶ کرت (۴*۳*۳) به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی اجرا شد. در روش WDPT با قرار دادن سه قطره آب با قطره‌چکان پزشکی روی سطح صاف خاک مدت زمان نفوذ و جذب قطره‌ها توسط خاک اندازه‌گیری شد. برای اندازه‌گیری مقدار نفوذ آب به خاک از آزمایش استوانه‌های دوگانه با سه تکرار اندازه‌گیری شد.

یافته‌ها: تجزیه واریانس اثر زمان آتش‌سوزی بر روی برخی از خصوصیات خاک منطقه مورد مطالعه نشان داد آتش‌سوزی روی خصوصیات خاک با احتمال ۹۹ درصد برای هدایت الکتریکی، اسیدیته خاک، مواد آلی، شن، سیلت، رس، میانگین وزنی قطر، فسفر و سدیم معنی‌دار است. نتایج نشان داد که پس از انجام آتش‌سوزی مقدار نفوذ آب به خاک از 2/21 به 54/7 میلی‌متر بر ساعت کاهش یافت و هدایت الکتریکی، واکنش خاک، فسفر، پتاسیم و قابل جذب، سدیم تبادلی و سیلت به ترتیب ۵۰/۲۹، ۵۳/۲، ۸۴/۱۶۹، ۶۸/۵، ۷۹/۹ و ۴۸/۱۰ درصد افزایش یافت و مواد آلی، شن، رس و MWD به ترتیب ۰۹/۱۶، ۶۷/۱۳، ۱۱/۷ و ۴۵/۸ درصد کاهش پیدا کرد. نتایج نشان داد از نظر آب‌گریزی خاک منطقه در کلاس آب‌دوست قرار دارد که پس از گذشت 24 ساعت پس از آتش‌سوزی، WDPT به ۶۷/۵۵ ثانیه رسید و به خاک با آب‌گریزی کم تبدیل شد به طوری که با افزایش عمق، میزان بقایا و WDPT افزایش یافت و به حداکثر خود یعنی ۶۷/۷۹ ثانیه رسید.

نتیجه‌گیری: سوزاندن بقایای گندم مزارع شهرستان دزفول باعث افزایش عناصر غذایی خاک از جمله فسفر، پتاسیم، سدیم و درصد نسبی سیلت نسبت به قبل از آتش‌سوزی شد. پس از آتش‌سوزی و افزایش دمای خاک، کلاس آبگریزی خاک از آب‌دوست به کلاس آب‌گریزی کم تغییر کرد. نتایج نشان داد آب‌گریزی ناشی از آتش‌سوزی، بستگی به مدت زمان پس از آتش‌سوزی دارد به طوری که با گذشت زمان به سطح پایین‌تر برمی‌گردد و سپس تغییرات آن متوقف می‌شود. همچنین سوزاندن بقایا باعث کاهش نفوذپذیری خاک شد به طوری که کلاس نفوذپذیری از کلاس خیلی سریع به متوسط تغییر یافت. آتش‌سوزی و سوزاندن بقایای گیاهان باعث افزایش شوری و pH خاک شده که می‌تواند در کاهش راندمان محصول موثر باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of burning wheat straw and stubble on water repellency and some soil properties in the fields of Dezful city

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kamran Mohsenifar 1
  • Atefhe Mohamadzadeh 2
1 Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Soil Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
2 M.Sc. Graduate, Dept. of Soil Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Burning plant residues is one of the most common methods of agricultural land management, but the concern about its negative environmental consequences is spreading. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of burning wheat straw and stubble on soil water repellency and its temporal changes in soil properties.
Materials and methods: For this purpose, the remains and stubble left from the wheat fields were collected and placed on the surface of the field with a thickness of 0, 2, and 10 cm, and fire was carried out. Then, three times (24 hours, 10 and 30 days) after the fire, together with the Blank (before the fire), samples were taken from the 0-5 cm layer of the surface soil and some soil characteristics including soil pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Organic matter (OM), abundance percentage of soil particles, permeability, soil water repellency were measured using molarity of ethanol droplet (MED) and water drop penetration time (WDPT). A total of 36 plots (4*3*3) were factorial designs implemented in a randomized complete block. In the WDPT method, by placing three drops of water with a medical dropper on the smooth surface of the soil, the duration of penetration and absorption of the drops by the soil was measured. To measure the amount of water infiltration into the soil, it was measured with three repetitions of the double cylinder test.
Results: Variance analysis of the effect of fire time on some soil characteristics of the studied area showed that fire affects the soil characteristics with a probability of 99% for electrical conductivity, soil pH, organic matter, sand, silt, clay, Mean Weight Diameter, phosphorus and Sodium. The results showed that after the fire, the amount of water infiltration into the soil decreased from 21.2 to 7.54 mm/h and electrical conductivity, soil reaction, phosphorus, potassium and absorbable, exchangeable sodium and silt were 29.50, respectively. 2.53, 169.84, 5.68, 9.79 and 10.48% increased and organic matter, sand, clay and MWD decreased by 16.09, 13.67, 7.11 and 45.8% respectively. The results showed that in terms of hydrophobicity, the soil of the region is in the Wettable class, after 24 hours after the fire, the WDPT reached 67.55 seconds and it turned into a soil with Slightly Water Repellency, so that with increasing depth, the number of residues and WDPT increased and reached its maximum of 67.79 seconds.
Conclusion: The burning of wheat residues in the fields of Dezful City increased soil nutrients including phosphorus, potassium, sodium and the relative percentage of silt compared to before the fire. After the fire and the increase in soil temperature, the hydrophobicity class of the soil changed from hydrophilic to low hydrophobicity. The results showed that the water repellency caused by fire depends on the duration of time after the fire so that it returns to a lower level with the passage of time and then its changes stop. Also, burning the residues decreased the permeability of the soil so that the permeability class changed from Very rapid to medium. Fire and burning of plant remain increase soil salinity and pH, which can be effective in reducing crop efficiency.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hydrophilicity
  • Water drop penetration time
  • Water Repellency Class
  • Electrical conductivity
  • Permeability

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 30، شماره 3
مهر 1402
صفحه 87-105

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