پاسخ کلم بروکلی به کاربرد اصلاح‌کننده نانوبیوچار طبیعی، کم آبیاری و کود آبیاری نیتروژن

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران

2 نویسنده مسئول، استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران

3 استاد گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران.

4 استاد گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: در اثر عوامل متعدد از جمله گرمایش جهانی ایجاد شده توسط فعالیت‎‌های انسانی، خشکسالی در بسیاری از مناطق تحت کشت در حال افزایش است که یکی از تهدیدهای اصلی امنیت غذایی جهانی محسوب می‌شود. تنش‌های غیرزیستی مانند کمبود آب به‌شدت بهره‌وری محصول را کاهش می‌دهد. کاربرد راهبردهای استفاده از آبیاری زیرسطحی با کپسول‌های رسی متخلخل و اصلاح‌کننده‌های خاک می‌توانند در کاهش نهاده‌های آب و کود نیتروژن به خاک و همچنین کاهش آثار تنش‌های غیر زیستی بر گیاه نقش اساسی داشته باشند. افزودن بیوچار به خاک می‌تواند خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک را بهبود بخشد. پس از کاربرد بیوچار رطوبت خاک در ناحیه ریشه تحت برنامه آبیاری یکسان افزایش می‌یابد. بیوچار می‌تواند دسترسی گیاه به مواد مغذی خاک را بهبود بخشد و در کاهش ورودی کود به خاک کشاورزی نقش اساسی داشته باشد.

مواد و روش‌ها: دو آزمایش در محیط گلخانه (در سال‌های 1398 و 1399) بر روی کلم بروکلی که در خاک‌های الک‌شده و الک‌نشده تیمار شده با نانوبیوچار طبیعی (0 و 10 درصد وزنی نانوبیوچار طبیعی) تحت سه رژیم آبیاری (100، 75 و 50 درصد آبیاری کامل) و دو سطح کود نیتروژنه (300 و 225 کیلوگرم در هکتار) رشد کرده بودند، انجام شد. سیستم آبیاری مورد استفاده در این پژوهش، آبیاری زیرسطحی با کپسول‌های رسی متخلخل بود. تیمارهای آبیاری کامل برای پر کردن مجدد فضای منافذ در ناحیه ریشه تا حد ظرفیت مزرعه آبیاری شدند، در حالی که در تیمارهای کم‌آبیاری گیاهان 50 و 75 درصد آبیاری کامل را دریافت کردند. تیمارهای کود دهی شامل دو سطح کود نیتروژن (یعنی 225 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار و 300 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار) در مرحله نهال، رشد رویشی و سر سبز اعمال شد. ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک کلم بروکلی شامل وزن تازه و خشک سرهای جانبی، چگالی سرهای جانبی، غلظت عناصر غذایی، کلروفیل کل و پرولین برگ مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.

یافته‌ها: نتایج کاهش معنی‌دار وزن تازه و خشک، چگالی و غلظت عناصر کلسیم و منیزیم در سرهای جانبی و همچنین کلروفیل کل برگ گیاه کلم بروکلی را در گیاهانی که در معرض کم‌آبیاری و سطوح پایین کود نیتروژنه قرار گرفتند نشان داد، در حالی که پرولین برگ به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. کاربرد نانوبیوچار طبیعی در خاک اثرات تنش‌های خشکی و تغذیه‌ای را بر صفات مورفولوژیکی کاهش داد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد نانوبیوچار طبیعی در خاک‌های الک‌شده و الک‌نشده بر وزن تر و خشک سر، تراکم سر، کلروفیل کل و پرولین برگ برای هر دو فصل (2019 و 2020) قابل‌توجه بود. ترکیب خاک الک‌شده و الک‌نشده با نانوبیوچار طبیعی باعث بهبود وزن تازه و خشک، چگالی، غلظت عناصر کلسیم و منیزیم، کلروفیل کل و پرولین شد. علاوه‌بر این باعث کاهش معنی دار غلظت پرولین برگ در گیاهان در معرض کم‌آبیاری و کمبود کود نیتروژنه گردید. بیش‌ترین مقادیر وزن تازه و خشک سرجانبی، چگالی سر جانبی، غلظت کلسیم، منیزیم و کلروفیل به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای SNAS+NR2+FI، NNAS+NR2+FI، NUS+NR2+FI، SNAS+NR2+FI، SNAS+NR2+FI و NUS+NR2+FI به مقدار 26/99 گرم، 79/39 گرم، 92/0 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مکعب، 96/5 میلی‌گرم بر گرم، 52/3 میلی‌گرم بر گرم و 52/2 میلی‌گرم بر گرم به‌دست آمد. همچنین کم‌ترین مقدار پرولین برگ 08/0 میکرومول بر گرم و در تیمار NNAS+NR2+FI به‌دست آمد.

نتیجه‌گیری: مطالعه ما برخی از اثرات مفید نانوبیوچار طبیعی را به‌عنوان یک اصلاح‌کننده آلی برای ارتقای بهره‌وری محصول نشان داد. از این‌رو، ادغام افزودن نانوبیوچار طبیعی همراه با کم‌آبیاری و شرایط کمبود کود نیتروژنه می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک رویکرد مناسب و بهینه از نظر صرفه‌جویی در مصرف آب و کود، عملکرد و هزینه در نظر گرفته شود. بنابراین، ترکیب این روش و آبیاری زیرسطحی با سیستم کپسول‌های رسی متخلخل به‌ویژه در مناطق خشکی که اغلب از شرایط کم آبی رنج می برند مفید خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Broccoli response to application of natural nanobiochar amendment, deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertigation

نویسندگان [English]

  • Atefeh Azadifar 1
  • Hamid Zare Abyaneh 2
  • Hassan Sarikhani 3
  • Mohamadreza Mosaddeghi 4
1 Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
2 Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
3 Professor, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
4 Professor, Dept. of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Due to several factors, including anthropogenic global warming, drought is increasing in many arable areas which is one of the major threats to global food security. Abiotic stresses such as water deficit severely reduce crop productivity. Using strategies subsurface irrigation with porous clay capsules and natural nanobiochar amendment could be pivotal in reducing water and nitrogen fertilizer inputs as well as the effects of abiotic stresses on plants. Biochar addition to soil may improve soil physical and chemical characteristics. Soil water retention in the root zone enhances under the same irrigation schedule following biochar application. Biochar could improve plant access to soil nutrients and pivotal in reducing fertilizer inputs to agricultural soils.

Materials and methods: Greenhouse experiments were conducted in two years (2019 and 2020) on broccoli planted in sieved and non-sieved samples of a loam soil amended with natural nanobiochar (i.e., 0 and 10% by weight) under three irrigation regimes (i.e., 100, 75, and 50% of full irrigation) and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (i.e., 225 and 300 kgha-1 N). The irrigation system was porous clay pitcher subsurface irrigation. The full irrigation (FI) treatments were watered to refill the pore space in the rooting zone to the field capacity (100% FI), while in deficit irrigation treatments plants received 75% of the full irrigation (75% FI) or 50% of the full irrigation (50% FI). Fertigation treatments included two levels of N fertigation (i.e., 225 kg N ha-1 and 300 kg N ha-1) in the seedling, vegetative growth and green head stages were applied. Physiological and morphological traits of broccoli including secondary head fresh and dry weights, secondary head density, concentration of nutrients, total chlorophyll and leaf proline were investigated.

Results: Plants exposed to deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertigation presented a significant decrease in head fresh and dry weights, head density and also total chlorophyll, while an increase in the leaf proline content was observed.

The application of NNB in soil mitigated the drought and nutritional stresses effects on the morphological traits. The results showed significant effects of the natural nanobiochar application in sieved and none-sieved soils on head fresh and dry weight, head density, total chlorophyll and leaf proline for both seasons (2019 and 2020). Natural nanobiochar addition to both sieved and non-sieved soils improved the head fresh and dry weights, head density, and total chlorophyll content. Moreover, it significantly reduced the leaf proline of broccoli plant under deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertigation. The highest values of fresh and dry weight, head density and calcium, magnesium and chlorophyll concentrations were 99.26 g, 39.79 g, 0.92 g cm-3, 5.96 mg g-1, 3.52 mg g-1 and 2.52 mg g-1 in SNAS+NR2+FI, NNAS+NR2+FI, NUS+NR2+FI, SNAS+NR2+FI, SNAS+NR2+FI and NUS+NR2+FI treatments, respectively. As well as, the lowest value of leaf proline was 0.08 µmol g-1 in NNAS+NR2+FI treatment.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrated some of the beneficial effects of natural nanobiochar as an organic amendment for promoting crop productivity. Hence, the integration of natural nanobiochar addition along with deficit irrigation and low N fertigation condition could be considered as a viable and optimum approach in terms of water and fertilizer saving, yield and cost. Thus, the combination of this technique and sub-surface irrigation with the porous clay pitcher system will particularly be useful in arid regions that frequently suffer with water shortages condition.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Nutrients
  • Chlorophyll
  • Proline
  • Porous clay pitcher
  • Nanobiochar

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 30، شماره 4
دی 1402
صفحه 29-56

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