مقایسه‌ی تأثیر کود گاوی، ورمی کمپوست و آزولا بر ویژگی های شیمیایی و هیدرولیکیِ خاک شور-سدیمی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه تهران - پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی

2 دانشگاه تهران/ پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: شور و سدیمی شدن خاک‌ها یکی از عوامل تخریب اراضی، به‌ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک جهان به شمار می رود. ایران نیز در منطقه‌ای خشک و نیمه‌خشک قرار دارد و خاک های شور- سدیمی مناطق وسیعی از ایران را پوشانده اند. با توجه به اینکه خاک های شور- سدیمی خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی نامطلوبی دارند که باعث کاهش جذب عناصر غذایی توسط گیاهان و درنهایت افت رشد و عملکرد آن ها می‌گردد. کاربرد اصلاح کننده ها ازجمله مواد آلی، اغلب می‌تواند راهکاری مناسب در جهت اصلاح و بهبود باروری خاک های شور- سدیمی باشد.
مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش خاک شور-سدیمی شاهد از منطقه ی نظرآباد کرج جمع‌آوری و با سه سطح 1، 3 و 5 درصد از کودهای گاوی، ورمی کمپوست و آزولا (به عنوان اصلاح کننده ی آلی) مخلوط شد. سپس تیمارها به مدت پنج ماه تحت انکوباسیون در دمای 20درجه سلسیوس و رطوبت ظرفیت مزرعه قرار گرفتند. ویژگی‌های شیمیایی و فیزیکی اصلی خاک شاهد، کودها و نیز برخی ویژگی های شیمیایی و هیدرولیکی تیمارها قبل و بعد از انکوباسیون، مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند.
یافته ها: قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی خاک شاهد 13.09 دسی زیمنس بر متر و نسبت جذب سدیم آن 23.02 به دست آمد. بعد از دوره ی انکوباسیون، تیمار 5 درصد آزولا و ورمی‌کمپوست در پایین ترین سطح شوری قرار داشتند. کاهش پ هاش در تیمارها عمدتاً غیرمعنی دار بود. بیشترین دامنه تغییرات نسبت جذب سدیم مربوط به تیمار 5 درصد کود گاوی با تفاوت غالباً معنی‌دار نسبت به تمامی تیمارها بود. به استثنای حالت رطوبت اشباع، تفاوت چندانی میان مقدار رطوبت در یک مکش معین در تیمارهای مختلف مشاهده نشد. در طول دوره ی انکوباسیون میزان کل خلل و فرج در تمامی تیمارها، به طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. این کاهش در خلل و فرج متوسط در تمامی تیمارها به طور معنی‌دار مشاهده شد، بیشترین کاهش معنی‌دار در تیمار 5 درصد کود گاوی رخ داده است. این در حالی است که بعد از دوران انکوباسیون، بالاترین درصد خلل و فرج متوسط، در سطح 5 درصد کود ورمی‌کمپوست مشاهده شد. با توجه به اینکه بخش اعظم آب قابل دسترس گیاهان، در خلل و فرج متوسط قرار دارد، افزودن کود ورمی‌کمپوست در سطح 5 درصد به خاک شور-سدیمی می تواند شرایط بهینه ای را جهت رشد گیاه در خاک به وجود آورد.
نتیجه‌گیری: بعد از دوران انکوباسیون کاهش شوری و پ هاش و افزایش نسبت جذب سدیم در اکثر تیمارها دیده شد. در ادامه کاهش خلل و فرج درشت و متوسط مشاهده شد که کاهش ضریب آبگذری اشباع را در تیمارها در پی داشت. با توجه به یافته‌های مذکور، کود گاوی در سطح یک درصد تقریباً بی تأثیر بر روی ویژگی های خاک و در سطوح بالاتر سبب افت کیفیت و شرایط خاک شور-سدیمی از نظر ویژگی های فیزیکی و شیمیایی شد. در حالی که کود ورمی‌کمپوست در سطح پنج درصد با اصلاح مناسب خاک شور- سدیمی از نظر ویژگی های شیمیایی و هیدرولیکی، برتری خود را در بین این سه کود نشان داد و بعد آن، کود آزولا در سطح سه درصد در اولویت قرار گرفت.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of The Effect of Cow Manure, Vermicompost and Azolla on the Chemical and Hydraulic Properties of Saline-Sodic Soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Parastoo Sharifi 1
  • Mehdi Shorafa 2
  • Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi 2
1 Tehran university / College of Agriculture and Natural Resources
2 Tehran university/ College of Agriculture and Natural Resources
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Salinity and sodimization of soils are two factors of land degradation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Iran is also located in an arid and semi-arid region, and saline-sodic soils cover large areas of Iran. Considering that saline-sodic soils have poor physical, chemical and biological properties that reduce the absorption of nutrients by plants and eventually decline in their growth and yield. The use of reformers, including organic matter, can often be a suitable solution for improving the fertility of saline-sodic soils.
Materials and Methods: In this study, saline-sodic soil was collected from Nazar-Abad area of Karaj and was mixed with three levels of 1, 3 and 5 percent of cow manure, vermicompost and Azolla (as Organic modifier). Then the treatments were incubated for 5 months at 20 ° C temprature and field capacity moisture. The chemical and physical properties of the control soil, fertilizers and some chemical and hydraulic properties of the treatments were evaluated before and after incubation.
Results: The electrical conductivity of the control soil was 13.09 dS / m and its sodium absorption ratio was 23.02. After incubation period, 5% Azolla and Vermicompost treatment are at the lowest salinity level. pH reductions in treatments were mostly non-significant. The highest range of changes in the sodium absorption ratio was related to 5% cow manure treatments with a significant difference relative to all treatments. Except for saturated moisture content, there was no significant difference in the amount of moisture in a given suction in different treatments. During the incubation period, there is a significant decrease in the total amount of porosity in all treatments. This decrease was significant in mean porosity in all treatments, the most significant decrease was observed in 5% cow manure treatment, and however 5% vermicompost treatment had the highest mean porosity (It should be noted that most of the water available to plants is in the mean porosity).
Conclusion: After incubation period, salinity and pH reduction and increasing of sodium absorption ratio were observed in most treatments. On the other hand, it reduced the coarse and mean porosity, resulting in a decrease in the saturation hydraulic conductivity in the treatments. According to the findings of this study, Vermicompost fertilizer at the level of 5%, with chemical and hydraulic correction of saline-sodic soil, showed its superiority among these three fertilizers, and then the Azolla at the level of 3% is given priority.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Incubation
  • Organic matter
  • Saline-Sodic Soil improvement
  • Soil properties
1.Aksakal, E.L., Serdar, S., and Angin,
I. 2016. Effects of vermicompost
application on soil aggregation and
certain physical properties. Land Degrade
and Develop, 27: 983-995.
2.Ali Mardani, A., Delaware, M.A., and
Golchin, A. 2012. The Effect of Adding
Organic and Mineral Compounds on
Some Physical Properties of a Sodium
Soil. J. Soil Manage. Sust. (1) - Inable
Production, 1: 2. (In Persian)
3.Bhuvaneshwari, K., and Kumar, A. 2013.
Agronomic potential of the association
Azolla-Anabaena. Science Research
Reporter, 3: 1. 78-82.
4.Bremner, D.C., and Mulvaney, J.M. 1982.
Total Nitrogen. In: Methods of Soil
Analysis. (A.L. Page, R.H. Miller and
D.R. Keaney, eds). Number 9, Part 2,
America Society of Agronomy.
5.Carrow, R.N., and Duncan, R.R. 2011.
Best management practices for saline and
sodic turfgrass soils: assessment and
reclamation. CRC Press.
6.Chaney, K., and Swift, R.S. 1986. Studies
on aggregate stability of reformed soil
aggregates. J. Soil Sci. 37: 337-343.
7.Chorom, M., and Rengasamy, P. 1997.
Carbonate chemistry, pH and physical
properties of an alkaline sodic soil as
affected by various amendments. Austr. J.
Soil Res. 35: 149-161.
8.Emami, A. 1997. Plant decomposition
methods. Ministry of Agriculture
publication, Water and Soil Research
Institute. 1. (In Persian)
9.Flagella, Z., Cantore, V., Giuliani, M.M.,
Tarantino, E., and De Caro, A. 2002.
Crop salt tolerance: Physiological, yield
and quality aspects. Recent Research
Development Plant Biology, 2: 155-186.
10.Goswami, L., Nath, A., Sutradhar, S.,
Bhattacharya, S.S., Kalamdhad, A.,
Vellingiri, K., and Kim, K.H. 2017.
Application of drum compost and
vermicompost to improve soil health,
growth, and yield parameters for tomato
and cabbage plants. J. Environ. Manage.
200: 243-252.
11.Gupta, R.K., Singh, R.R., and Abrol, I.P.
1989. Influence of simultaneous changes
in sodicity and pH on the hydraulic
conductivity of alkali soil under rice
culture. Soil Science, 147: 28-33.
12.Guo, L., Wu, G., Li, Y., Li, C., Liu, W.,
Meng, J., Liu, H., Yu, X., and Jiang, G.
2016. Effects of cattle manure compost
combined with chemical fertilizer on
topsoil organic matter, bulk density and
earthworm activity in a wheat-maize
rotation system in Eastern China. Soil
and Tillage Research, 156: 140-147.
13.Hanay, A., Buyuksanmz, F., Kiziloglu,
F.M., and Canbolat, M.V. 2004.
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils with
gypsum and MSW compost. Compost
Science and Utilization, 12: 175-179.
14.Holmgren, G.S., Juve, R.L., and
Geschwender, R.C. 1977. A mechanically
controlled variable rate leaching device.
Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 41: 1207-1208.
15.Jalali, M., and Ranjbar, F. 2009. Effects
of sodic water on soil sodicity and
nutrient leaching in poultry and
sheep manure amended soils. Geoderma,
153: 1. 194-204.
16.Joshi, R., Vig, A.P., and Singh, J. 2013.
Vermicompost as a soil supplement to
enhance growth, yield and quality of
Teiticum aestivum L.: a field study.
Inter. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric.
2: 16. DOI: 10.1186/2251-7715-2-16.
17.Kay, B.D. 1990. Rates of change of
soil structure under different cropping
systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.
12: 1-52.
18.Khotabayi, M., Emami, H., Astarai, A.,
and Photovat, A. 2015. The Effect of
Organic Materials and Plaster on Some
Characteristics of Corn in Salt-Sodium
Soil. Iran. J. Crop Res. 12: 4. 664-658.
(In Persian)
19.Kirkham, M. 2005. Principles of soil and
plant water relations. Academic Press.
20.Klute, A. 1986. Water retention:
Laboratory methods. Methods of Soil
Analysis: Part 1- Physical and
21.Kollah, B., Patra, A.K., and Mohanty,
S.R. 2016. Aquatic microphylla
Azolla: a perspective paradigm for
sustainable agriculture, environment and
global climate change: A Review,
Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, 23: 4358-4369.
22.Li, F.H., and Keren, R. 2009. Calcareous
sodic soil reclamation as affected
by corn stalk application and incubation:
A laboratory study. Pedosphere,
19: 465-475.
23.McLean, E.O. 1982. Soil pH and lime
requirement. Methods of soil analysis.
Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological
properties, Pp: 199-224.
24.Mitchell, J.P., Shennan, C., Singer, M.J.,
Peters, D.W., Miller, R.O., Prichard, T.,
Grattan, S.R., Rhoades, J.D., May,
D.M., and Munk, D.S. 2000. Impacts
of gypsum and winter cover crops on
soil physical properties and crop
productivity when irrigated with saline
water. Agricultural Water Management,
45: 55-71.
25.Nelson, P.N., and Oades, J.M.
1996. Organic matter, sodicity and
soil structure. In: Sodic Soils:
Distribution, Processes, Management
and Environmental Consequences.
Oxford University Press, New York.
26.Qadir, M., and Oster, J.D. 2004.
Review, crop and irrigation management
strategies for saline-sodic soils and
waters aimed at environmentally
sustainable agriculture. Science of Total
Environment, 323: 1-19.
27.Qadir, M., Ghafoor, A., and Murtaza, G.
2001. Use of saline-sodic waters
through phytoremediation of calcareous
saline-sodic soils. Agricultural Water
Management, 50: 197-210.
28.Peltre, C., Gregorich, E.G., Bruun, S.,
Jensen, L.S., and Magid, J. 2017.
Repeated application of organic waste
affects soil organic matter composition:
Evidence from thermal analysis,
FTIR-PAS, amino sugars and lignin
biomarkers. Soil Biology and
Biochemistry, 104: 117-127.
29.Robbins, C.W. 1986. Sodic Calcareous
soil reclamation as affected by different
amendments and crops. Agron. J.
78: 916-920.
30.Rusta, M.J., Golchin, A., Siyadat, H.,
and Salehrastin, N. 2003. Effect of
organic matter and mineral compounds
on some chemical properties and
biological activity of a sodium soil. J.
Soil Water Sci. 16: 1. (In Persian)
31.Shi, Y., Zhao, X., Gao, X., Zhang, Sh.,
and Wu, P. 2016. The effects of
long-term fertilizer applications on soil
organic carbon and hydraulic properties
of a loess soil in China. Land Degradation
and Development, 27: 60-67.
32.Tazeh, E.S., Pazira, E., Neyshabouri,
M.R., Abbasi, F., and Abyaneh, H.Z.
2013. Effect of Two organic
amendments on EC, SAR and soluble
ions concentration in a salinesodic soil.
Inter. J. Biosci. (IJB). 3: 9. 55-68.
33.Tejada, M., and Gonzalez, J.L. 2006.
The relationships between erodibility
and erosion in a soil treated with two
organic amendments. Soil Tillage
Research, 91: 186-198.
34.Valzano, F.P., Greene, R.S.B., Murphy,
B.W., Rengasamy, P., and Jarwal, S.D.
2001. Effects of gypsum and stubble
retention on the chemical and physical
properties of a sodic grey Vertosol in
western Victoria. Austr. J. Soil Res.
39: 1333-1347.
35.Walker, D.J., and Bernal, M.P. 2008.
The effects of olive mill waste compost
and poultry manure on the availability
and plant uptake of nutrients in a highly
saline soil. Bio Resources Technology,
99: 396-403.
36.Walkley, A., and Black, I.A. 1934. An
examination of the dictagraph method
for determining soil organic matter and
proposed modification of the chromic
acid titration method. Soil Science,
37: 29-38.
37.Wong, V.N.L., Dalal, R.C., and Greene,
R.S.B. 2009. Carbon dynamics of sodic
and saline soils following gypsum and
organic material additions: A laboratory
incubation. Applied Soil Ecology,
41: 29-40.
38.Xin, X., Zhang, J., Zhu, A., and Zhang,
C. 2016. Effects of long-term (23 years)
mineral fertilizer and compost application
on physical properties of fluvo-aquic soil
in the North China Plain. Soil and Tillage
Research, 156: 166-172.
39.Yadav, R.K., Abrahami, G., Singh,
Y.V., and Singh, P.K. 2014.
Advancements in the Utilization of
Azolla-Anabaena System in Relation to
Sustainable Agricultural Practices. A
Review, Indian National Science
Academy, 80: 301-316.
40.Yague, M.R., Domingo-Olive, F.,
Bosch-Serra, A.D., Poch, R.M., and
Boixadera, J. 2016. Dairy cattle manure
effects on soil quality: Porosity,
earthworms, aggregates and soil organic
carbon fractions. Land Degradation and
Development, 27: 1753-1762.
41.Yazdan-Panah, N., Pazira, A., Neshat,
A., and Mahmoud Abadi, M. 2013.
Investigation of the effect of various
correctional materials on the physicochemical properties of saline and
sodium soils. Quar. J. Drought. 2: 1.
(In Persian)