اثر کاه و کلش و جهت خاک‌ورزی بر تغییرات زمانی رطوبت خاک در کشتزار دیم گندم

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه زنجان گروه علوم خاک

2 گروه خاکشناسی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان

3 عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: رطوبت خاک عامل اصلی تعیین‌کننده رشد گیاه در زمین‌های دیم است. کمبود محتوای رطوبتی خاک موجب تنش خشکی در مراحل رشد گیاه می‌شود. محتوای رطوبتی خاک طی دوره رشد به‌دلیل بارش، تبخیر و سایر عوامل محیطی دچار تغییرات زمانی می‌شود. راه‌کارهای متفاوتی جهت حفظ محتوای رطوبتی خاک طی دوره رشد وجود دارد اطلاع از تغییرات زمانی محتوای رطوبتی خاک طی دوره رشد گندم می‌تواند در شناسایی زمان‌های بحرانی وقوع تنش خشکی مؤثر باشد. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تغییرات زمانی محتوای رطوبتی خاک تحت تأثیر سطح مصرف مالچ کاه و کلش و جهت خاکورزی در کشتزار دیم منطقه نیمه‌خشک انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه در کشتزاری دیم با شیب حدود 10 درصد در دانشگاه زنجان طی دوره رشد گندم زمستانه از اوایل آذر 1395 تا اوایل تیر 1396 انجام شد. آزمایش در چهار سطح مصرف کاه و کلش گندم (صفر، 200، 400 و 600 گرم در متر مربع معادل با سطوح صفر، 33، 66 و 100 درصد پوشش سطح زمین) در دو جهت خاکورزی (موازی شیب و روی خطوط تراز) در قالب آزمایش فاکتوریل به صورت طرح کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. در مجموع 24 کرت آزمایشی به ابعاد دو متر در پنج متر به منظور بررسی محتوای رطوبتی خاک احداث شد. محتوای رطوبتی خاک طی دوره رشد، در بازه زمانی 10 روز به‌وسیله از دستگاه انعکاس سنجی حوزه زمانی (TDR) اندازه گیری شد. تغییرات ماهانه محتوای رطوبتی خاک برای تیمارهای مختلف طی دوره رشد تعیین شد.تغییرات زمانی محتوای رطوبتی خاک در سطوح مختلف مصرف مالچ کاه و کلش و جهت خاکورزی بر اساس آزمون‌های دانکن و t جفتی تعیین شد.
یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج، محتوای رطوبتی خاک در تمام ماه‌های دوره رشد گندم تحت تأثیر مصرف کاه و کلش گندم قرار گرفت (05/0>p) و بیشترین مقدار در فروردین ماه مشاهده شد. در فروردین ماه، مقدار محتوای رطوبتی خاک در سطح 100 درصد مصرف مالچ کاه و کلش نسبت به تیمار شاهد در خاک‌ورزی موازی شیب و خاک‌ورزی روی خطوط تراز به ترتیب 30 و 10 درصد افزایش داشت. بررسی میانگین سالانه محتوای رطوبتی در خاک‌ورزی موازی شیب در سطوح مصرف کاه و کلش 33 ، 66 و 100 درصد به-ترتیب 11، 13 و 21 درصد افزایش نسبت به تیمار شاهد داشت (01/0>p). میانگین سالانه محتوای رطوبتی خاک در کشت روی خطوط تراز نیز در سطوح مصرف کاه و کلش 33، 66 و 100 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد به‌ترتیب 6، 8 و 18 درصد افزایش نشان داد (01/0>p). بررسی تغییر زمانی محتوای رطوبتی خاک در دو جهت خاک‌ورزی نشان داد که به غیر از ماه‌های دی، بهمن و اردیبهشت در سایر ماه‌ها طی دوره رشد، افزایش محتوای رطوبتی خاک معنی‌دار بود. دلایل این تفاوت را می‌توان تغییرات نوع بارش (برف) و ضعف پوشش گیاهی بیان نمود. میانگین محتوای رطوبتی خاک در کشت روی خطوط تراز حدود 6 درصد بیشتر از کشت موازی شیب بود (05/0>p). بیشترین تفاوت در محتوای رطوبتی خاک بین دو جهت خاک‌ورزی در اسفند ماه (14 درصد) و کمترین آن در اردیبهشت ماه (2 درصد) مشاهده شد. برهمکنش معنی‌داری بین سطح مصرف مالچ کاه و کلش و جهت خاک‌ورزی از نظر تأثیر بر محتوای رطوبتی خاک در هیچ یک از ماه‌های دوره رشد مشاهده نشد.
نتیجه‌گیری: این مطالعه نشان داد، هر دو روش مدیریتی اثراتی مستقل بر تغییر محتوای رطوبتی خاک در کشت دیم گندم داشتند. نقش دو اقدام مدیریتی در اوایل دوره رشد و در زمان وقوع باران‌های بهاره برای حفظ بارش‌های آسمانی واضح‌تر می‌باشد. مصرف حداقل 33 درصد مالچ کاه و کلش گندم معادل با 2 تن در هکتار و اجرای خاک‌ورزی روی خطوط تراز برای بهبود محتوای رطوبتی خاک در کشت دیم ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of straw mulch and tillage direction on temporal variation of soil moisture in wheat rainfed system

نویسندگان [English]

  • Younes Mazllom Aliabadi 1
  • AliReza Vaezi 2
  • Jaefar Nikbakht 3
1 Dep of soil science, Zanjan university
2 Soil Science Department, Zanjan University
3 University Of Zanjan
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Soil moisture is a major factor determining the plant growth in rainfed lands. Lack of soil water content causes drought stress at plant growth stages. Soil water content temporally varies due to variations of precipitation, evaporation and other environmental factors. There are different methods to hold soil water content during the growth period. Knowledge of temporal variations in soil water content during wheat growth period can be effective in identifying the critical times of drought stress. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate temporal variations of soil water content under the influence of straw mulch and tillage direction in rainfed system in semi-arid region.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a rainfed land with 10% slope steepness in University of Zanjan during winter wheat growth period from December 2015 to June 2016. Experiments were carried out in four levels of wheat straw mulch (0, 200, 400, 600 g/m2 equal to 0, 33, 66 and 100% covering surface) in two tillage directions (up to down slope and on counter line) in a factorial arrangement as completely randomized design at three replications. A total of 24 experimental plots with 2m × 5m in dimensions were designed to investigate the soil water content. Soil water content during the growth period, was determined by a Time- Domain Reflectometry (TDR) at 10-day interval. Monthly variations in soil water content were determined for different treatments during the growth period. The temporal variation of soil water content at different straw mulch levels and tillage direction were determined using the Duncan's tests and t-pair test.
Results: Based on the result, soil water content was affected by straw mulch level in all months of wheat growth period (p <0.01), and the highest value was observed in April. In April, the amount soil water content in 100% straw mulch level was significantly increased by 30 and 100% compared to control treatment in along slope tillage and contour tillage, respectively. Mean annual soil water content for along slope tillage at the mulch level of 33, 66 and 100% was 11, 13 and 21% higher than the control treatment (p <0.01), respectively. Mean annual Soil water content for the contour tillage was also at the mulch level of 33, 66 and 100 % was increased 6, 8 and 18% higher than the control treatment, respectively (p <0.01). Study of temporal variations of soil water content in two tillage directions showed that soil water content was significantly increased during growth period except on January, February and May. The reasons for this difference can be expressed by changes in the type of precipitation (snow) and the weakness of the vegetation. The mean soil water content in contour tillage was about 6 % more than along slope tillage (p <0.05). The highest difference in soil water content was observed in March (14%) and the lowest value was in May (2%). No interaction was found between straw mulch level and tillage direction in terms of soil water content in any months during the growth period.
Conclusion: This study showed, each of the two management had independent effect on soil water content in rainfed wheat land. The roles of the two management methods in reservation of rain water are obvious in the early stages of growth and in spring when rainfalls frequently occur in the area. Application of at least 33% wheat straw mulch equivalent to 2 tons per hectare and tillage on contour lines are essential for improving soil water content in rainfed system.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Vegetation cover
  • Precipitation variation
  • Tillage on contour lines
  • Growth period
  • Winter wheat
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