تأثیر کاربرد برخی بقایای گیاهان زراعی و تفاله شیرین‌بیان و بیوچار حاصل از آن‌ها بر وضعیت پتاسیم یک خاک آهکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه داراب-شیراز

2 دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: استفاده از ترکیب‌های آلی مختلف در کشاورزی ارگانیک می‌تواند سبب تغییر در وضعیت عناصر مورد نیاز گیاه در خاک‌های دچار کمبود گردد. خاک‌های مناطق خشک ایران دارای مقدار قابل توجهی پتاسیم قابل استفاده هستند که با کشاورزی فشرده مقدار آن‌ها در حال کاهش می‌باشد. مقداری از این کمبود می‌تواند با کاربرد ترکیب‌های آلی مختلف در کشاورزی ارگانیک جبران گردد.
مواد و روش‌ها: برای انجام این پژوهش، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با کاربرد چهار ماده آلی گیاهی و بیوچار حاصل از آن‌ها در یک خاک آهکی و تأثیر آن بر مقدار شکل‌های مختلف پتاسیم انجام شد. مقدار 3 گرم کاه گندم، کاه ذرت، سبوس برنج و تفاله ریشه شیرین‌بیان و بیوچار حاصل از آن‌ها به 100 گرم از یک خاک لوم‌رسی آهکی اضافه گردید و نمونه‌ها به‌مدت 90 روز در دمای 2±22 درجه سلسیوس و 50 درصد رطوبت اشباع گردید. نمونه‌های خاک، هواخشک و الک شد و pH، قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی و مقادیر پتاسیم محلول، تبادلی، غیرتبادلی، قابل‌استخراج با اسیدنیتریک و مقدار پتاسیم آزاد شده از کانی‌های خاک اندازه‌گیری گردید.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد مواد آلی گیاهی، pH خاک را تغییر نداد اما بیوچار سبب افزایش pH خاک گردید (میانگین 07/0). قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی خاک با کاربرد کاه گندم و ذرت افزایش یافت و تبدیل مواد آلی گیاهی به بیوچار شوری خاک را بیشتر افزایش داد. تفاله ریشه شیرین‌بیان و بیوچار آن تأثیری بر مقدار شکل‌های مختلف پتاسیم نداشتند اما سایر مواد آلی گیاهی و بیوچار حاصل از آن‌ها سبب افزایش پتاسیم قابل‌استخراج با اسیدنیتریک، محلول و تبادلی شدند و ترتیب این افزایش به‌صورت کاه گندم > کاه ذرت > سبوس برنج بود. به‌طور میانگین، بیوچارها نسبت به مواد آلی گیاهی افزایش بیشتری را در مقدار پتاسیم محلول، تبادلی و قابل‌استخراج با اسیدنیتریک نشان دادند (به‌ترتیب 212، 269 و 286 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم). پتاسیم غیرتبادلی با کاربرد مواد آلی گیاهی و بیوچار آن‌ها (به‌جز کاه ذرت) تغییری نیافت. کاه گندم، کاه ذرت و سبوس برنج سبب آزادسازی به‌ترتیب 286، 217 و 146 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم و بیوچار کاه گندم، کاه ذرت و سبوس برنج سبب آزادسازی به‌ترتیب 637، 429 و 290 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم پتاسیم از ساختمان کانی‌های پتاسیم‌دار خاک شدند که این می‌تواند در نتیجه تأثیر ملکول‌های آلی و کاتیون‌های معدنی موجود در ترکیب‌ها بر تجزیه کانی‌ها و آزادسازی پتاسیم از آن‌ها باشد.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طورکلی می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری کرد که کاربرد مواد آلی گیاهی و بیوچار حاصل از آن‌ها می‌تواند تأثیراتی شگرف بر وضعیت پتاسیم خاک و رفع کمبود این عنصر داشته و در این میان نقش بیوچار به مراتب مهم‌تر از مواد آلی اولیه می‌باشد. از طرف دیگر افزایش شوری و pH خاک به‌ویژه در خاک‌های آهکی مناطق خشک باید در نظر گرفته شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of application of crop and licorice root residues and their biochars on potassium status of a calcareous soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdi Najafi Ghiri 1
  • Hamid Reza Boustani 2
1
2
چکیده [English]

Effect of application of crop and licorice root residues and their biochars on potassium status of a calcareous soil

Abstract

Background and objectives:
Application of different organic materials in organic agriculture may change the status of plant nutrients in deficient soils. Arid soils of Iran may have a considerable content of potassium (K); but their K content is decreasing due to intensive agriculture. This K deficiency may be alleviated by different organic materials application in organic agriculture.
Materials and methods:
In the current investigation, a completely randomized experiment was done with application of four plant residues and their produced biochars to a calcareous soil and their effect on different forms of K. Three grams of wheat straw, corn straw, rice bran and licorice root residue and their produced biochars was added to 100 g of a clay loam calcareous soil and incubated for 90 days at 22±2 °C and 50 % of saturation moisture content. The soil samples were air-dried and sieved and pH, electrical conductivity, and contents of soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, HNO3-extractable K and K release rate from soil minerals were determined.
Results:
Results indicated that plant residues had no effect on soil pH, but all biochars increased soil pH (mean of 0.07). Soil EC was increased with application of wheat and corn straws and conversion of plant residues to biochars had more effect on soil salinity. Licorice root residue and its biochar had no effect on the content of different K forms; but other plant residues and their biochars increased soluble, exchangeable and HNO3-extractable K in the order of wheat residue > corn residue > rice bran. On average, biochars had more effect than plant residues on the content of soluble, exchangeable and HNO3-extractable K (212, 269 and 286 mg kg-1, respectively). The content of HNO3-extractable K was not affected with plant residues and their biochars (except for corn straw). Wheat and corn straws and rice bran released 286, 217 and 146 mg K kg-1, respectively; and their biochars released 637, 429 and 290 mg K kg-1, respectively from K-bearing minerals and this may be due to the effect of organic molecules and non-organic cations of organic materials on mineral weathering and K release.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that application of plant residues and their biochars may have significant effects on soil K status and alleviation of K deficiency and the role of biochar is more important than primary plant residues. On the other hand, increase in soil salinity and pH especially in calcareous soils of arid land should be take into consideration.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Potassium release
  • Electrical conductivity (EC)
  • Soil pH
  • Potassium forms

مراجع

1.Agblevor, F.A., Beis, S., Kim, S.S., Tarrant, R., and Mante, N.O. 2010. Biocrude oils from the
fast pyrolysis of poultry litter and hardwood. Waste Management. 30: 2. 298-307.
2.Ahmad, M., Lee, S.S., Dou, X., Mohan, D., Sung, J.K., Yang, J.E., and Ok, Y.S. 2012. Effects
of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and
TCE adsorption in water. Bioresource Technology. 118: 536-544.
3.Balali, M., and Malakouti, M. 1998. Study of exchangeable K changes in agricultural soils of
Iran. Soil Water. 12: 3. 59-70.
4.Basak, B., and Biswas, D. 2009. Influence of potassium solubilizing microorganism
(Bacillus mucilaginosus) and waste mica on potassium uptake dynamics by sudan grass
(Sorghum vulgare Pers.) grown under two Alfisols. Plant and Soil. 317: 1-2. 235-255.
5.Bashour, I.I., and Sayegh, A.H. 2007. Methods of analysis for soils of arid and semi-arid
regions. FA. Roma, 119p.
6.Gaskin, J.W., Speir, R.A., Harris, K., Das, K., Lee, R.D., Morris, L.A., and Fisher, D.S. 2010.
Effect of peanut hull and pine chip biochar on soil nutrients, corn nutrient status and yield.
Agron. J. 102: 2. 623-633.
7.Haefele, S.M., Konboon, Y., Wongboon, W., Amarante, S., Maarifat, A.A., Pfeiffer, E.M.,
and Knoblauch, C. 2011. Effects and fate of biochar from rice residues in rice-based
systems. Field Crops Research. 121: 3. 430-440.
8.Havlin, J., Beaton, J., Tisdale, S., and Nelson, W. 1999. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. Pretince
Hall, New Jersey, 515p.
9.Haynes, R., and Mokolobate, M. 2001. Amelioration of Al toxicity and P deficiency in acid
soils by additions of organic residues: a critical review of the phenomenon and the
mechanisms involved. Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. 59: 47-63.
10.Hossain, M.K., Strezov, V., Chan, K.Y., and Nelson, P.F. 2010. Agronomic properties of
wastewater sludge biochar and bioavailability of metals in production of cherry tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum). Chemosphere. 78: 9. 1167-1171.
11.Hossain, M.K., Strezov, V., Chan, K.Y., Ziolkowski, A., and Nelson, P.F. 2011. Influence of
pyrolysis temperature on production and nutrient properties of wastewater sludge biochar.
J. Environ. Manage. 92: 223-228.
12.Hue, N., Craddock, G., and Adams, F. 1986. Effect of organic acids on aluminum toxicity in
subsoils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 50: 28-34.
13.Jalali, M. 2006. Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release and availability in some
calcareous soils of western Iran. Geoderma. 135: 63-71.
14.Jalali, M. 2011. Comparison of potassium release of organic residues in five calcareous
soils of western Iran in laboratory incubation test. Arid Land Research and Management.
25: 2. 101-115.
15.Jia, J., Li, B., Chen, Z., Xie, Z., and Xiong, Z. 2012. Effects of biochar application
on vegetable production and emissions of N2O and CH4. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.
58: 4. 503-509.
16.Jin-Hua, Y.U.A.N., Ren-Kou, X.U., Ning, W., and Jiu-Yu, L.I. 2011. Amendment of acid
soils with crop residues and biochars. Pedosphere. 21: 3. 302-308.
17.Ladygina, N., and Rineau, F. 2013. Biochar and soil biota. CRC Press, Germany, 270p.
18.Laird, D.A., Fleming, P., Davis, D.D., Horton, R., Wang, B., and Karlen, D.L. 2010. Impact
of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma.
158: 3. 443-449.
19.Lian, B., Wang, B., Pan, M., Liu, C., and Teng, H.H. 2008. Microbial release of potassium
from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta. 72: 1. 87-98.
20.Loppert, R.H., and Suarez, D.L. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. P 437-474, In: D.L. Sparks,
(Ed.), Method of soil analysis. Part III, 3rd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison,
Wisconsin.
21.Miremadi, P., Ezatpanah, H., Larijani, K., Azizinezhad, R., and Motaghian, P. 2011.
Comparison of different methods of obtaining glycyrrhizic acid from licorice extract powder.
J. Food Technol. Nutr. 8: 1. 1-27.
22.Murashkina, M.A., Southard, R.J., and Pettygrove, G.S. 2007. Silt and fine sand fractions
dominate K fixation in soils derived from granitic alluvium of the San Joaquin Valley,
California. Geoderma. 141: 3. 283-293.
23.Najafi-Ghiri, M. 2015. Effect of different biochars application on some soil properties and
potassium pools distribution in a calcareous soil. Iran. J. Soil Res. 29: 351-358. (In Persian)
24.Najafi-Ghiri, M., and Abtahi, A. 2012. Factors affecting potassium fixation in calcareous
soils of southern Iran. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 58: 3. 335-352.
25.Najafi-Ghiri, M., and Abtahi, A. 2013. Potassium Fixation in Soil Size Fractions of Arid
Soils. Soil and Water Research. 8: 2. 49-55.
26.Najafi-Ghiri, M., Abtahi, A., Hashemi, S.S., and Jaberian, F. 2012. Potassium release from
sand, silt and clay fractions in calcareous soils of southern Iran. Archives of Agronomy and
Soil Science. 58: 12. 1439-1454.
27.Najafi-Ghiri, M., Abtahi, A., Karimian, N., Owliaie, H., and Khormali, F. 2011. Kinetics of
non-exchangeable potassium release as a function of clay mineralogy and soil taxonomy in
calcareous soils of southern Iran. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 57: 4. 343-363.
28.Najafi-Ghiri, M., Abtahi, A., Owliaie, H., Hashemi, S.S., and Koohkan, H. 2011. Factors
Affecting Potassium Pools Distribution in Calcareous Soils of Southern Iran. Arid Land
Research and Management. 25: 4. 313-327.
29.Nelson, D., and Sommers, L. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter.
P 539-579, In: A. Page (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2, American Society of
Agronomy, Madison (WI).
30.Olarieta, J.R., Padrò, R., Masip, G., Rodríguez-Ochoa, R., and Tello, E. 2011. ‘Formiguers’,
a historical system of soil fertilization (and biochar production?). Agriculture, Ecosystems
and Environment. 140: 1. 27-33.
31.Rowell, D. 1994. Soil science: methods and applications. Harlow, Essex (UK), Longman
Scientific and Technical.
32.Salinity Laboratory Staff. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils.
Handbook No. 60. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Washington (DC).
33.Singh, G., Biswas, D., and Marwaha, T. 2010. Mobilization of potassium from waste mica
by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and its assimilation by maize (Zea mays) and wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.): a hydroponics study under phytotron growth chamber. J. Plant Nutr.
33: 8. 1236-1251.
34.Soil Survey Staff. 1994. Keys to soil taxonomy. USDA NRCS, Washington (DC), USA.
35.Song, W., and Guo, M. 2012. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at
different pyrolysis temperatures. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 94: 138-145.
36.Sparks, D., and Huang, P. 1985. Physical chemistry of soil potassium. P 201-276,
In: R. Mounson (Ed.), Potassium in agriculture, ASA, Madison (WI).
37.Steinbeiss, S., Gleixner, G., and Antonietti, M. 2009. Effect of biochar amendment on soil
carbon balance and soil microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 41: 6. 1301-1310.
38.Sumner, M., Miller, W., Sparks, D., Page, A., Helmke, P., Loeppert, R., Soltanpour, P.,
Tabatabai, M., and Johnston, C. 1996. Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients.
P 1201-1229, In: D.L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 3-chemical methods.
American Society of Agronomy, Madison (WI).
39.Varadachari, C., Barman, A.K., and Ghosh, K. 1994. Weathering of silicate minerals by
organic acids II. Nature of residual products. Geoderma. 61: 3. 251-268.
40.Wang, J., Xiong, Z., and Kuzyakov, Y. 2016. Biochar stability in soil: meta‐analysis of
decomposition and priming effects. Gcb Bioenergy. 8: 3. 512-523.
41.Warnock, D.D., Lehmann, J., Kuyper, T.W., and Rillig, M.C. 2007. Mycorrhizal responses
to biochar in soil–concepts and mechanisms. Plant and soil. 300: 1. 9-20.
42.Yan, F., Schubert, S., and Mengel, K. 1996. Soil pH increase due to biological
decarboxylation of organic anions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 28: 4. 617-624.
43.Yu, L., Jiao, Y., Zhao, X., Li, G., Zhao, L., and Meng, H. 2014. Improvement to maize
growth caused by biochars derived from six feedstocks prepared at three different
temperatures. J. Integ. Agric. 13: 3. 533-540.
44.Yuan, J.H., and Xu, R.K. 2011. The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar
generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol. Soil Use and Management.
27: 1. 110-115.
45.Yuan, L., Huang, J., Li, X., and Christie, P. 2004. Biological mobilization of potassium
from clay minerals by ectomycorrhizal fungi and eucalypt seedling roots. Plant and Soil.
262: 1. 351-361.
46.Zolfi-Bavariani, M., Ronaghi, A., Ghasemi-Fasaei, R., and Yasrebi, J. 2016. Influence of
poultry manure–derived biochars on nutrients bioavailability and chemical properties of a
calcareous soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 62: 11. 1578-1591.
مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 24، شماره 3
مرداد 1396
صفحه 77-93

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار