تأثیر نوع بقایای گیاهی جنگلی و کاربرد نیتروژن بر دینامیک کربن و نیتروژن آلی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه زنجان

2 استاد گروه علوم خاک دانشگاه زنجان

3 استادیار گروه علوم خاک دانشگاه جیرفت

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: اکوسیستم های جنگلی یک نوع کاربری اراضی برای ذخیره کربن در خاک‌ها و حذف دی اکسید کربن اتمسفری به‌ حساب می‌آیند. بقایای گیاهی جنگلی که دیرتر تجزیه می‌شوند تا مدت زمان طولانی‌تری در خاک باقی می‌مانند و به ذخیره بیشتر کربن در خاک کمک می‌کنند. تجزیه کلش یک فرایند اکولوژیکی است که مواد غذایی برای رشد گیاهان فراهم کرده و تولیدات اولیه خالص خشکی را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. به همین دلیل هدف این تحقیق مطالعه تأثیر نوع بقایای گیاهی جنگلی و کاربرد سطوح مختلف نیتروژن بر معدنی شدن کربن و نیتروژن آلی بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: به‌ منظور بررسی تاثیر نوع بقایای گیاهی جنگلی و کاربرد نیتروژن بر دینامیک کربن و نیتروژن آلی یک آزمایش به صورت کرت‌های دوبار خرد شده بر پایه‌ی طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار و با استفاده از کیف کلش به اجرا در آمد. فاکتور‌ها‌ی مورد بررسی شامل نوع بقایای گیاهی جنگلی (بلوط، دارتالاب، سپیدار و کاج)، سطوح نیتروژن خاک (صفر، 20 و 40 میلی گرم در کیلوگرم) و مدت زمان خوابانیدن بقایا (1، 2، 3 و 4 ماه) بودند که بترتیب در کرتهای فرعی – فرعی، فرعی و اصلی قرار داده شدند. پس از سپری شدن فواصل زمانی خوابانیدن، کیف‌های کلش از خاک خارج و پس از اندازه‌گیری وزن بقایای گیاهی باقیمانده در آن‌ها میزان کربن آلی بقایا به‌روش خاکستر کردن در دمای 450 درجه‌ی سانتی‌گراد به مدت پنج ساعت و میزان نیتروژن کل با استفاده از روش کلدال اندازه‌گیری شد. مقدار هدررفت کربن و نیتروژن آلی از کسر میزان کربن و نیتروژن باقیمانده در هر بازه زمانی از میزان کربن و نیتروژن آلی باقیمانده‌ در بازه‌ی زمانی ما قبل آن محاسبه گردید.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان دادند که بیشترین مقدار هدررفت کربن از بقایای سپیدار به میزان 89/52 درصد و کمترین مقدار هدررفت کربن از بقایای بلوط به میزان 77/25 درصد اتفاق افتاد. همچنین بیشترین مقدار هدررفت نیتروژن از بقایای سپیدار به میزان 74/42 درصد و کمترین مقدار هدررفت نیتروژن از بقایای کاج به میزان 03/31 درصد صورت پذیرفت. بیشترین مقدار هدررفت کربن و نیتروژن آلی از سطح نیتروژن 40 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک و کمترین مقدار آن از تیمار شاهد اتفاق افتاد. با افزایش مدت زمان خوابانیدن بقایا مقدار هدررفت کربن و نیتروژن آلی افزایش یافت ولی بیشترین مقدار هدررفت در اولین ماه خوابانیدن اندازه‌گیری گردید.
نتیجه‌گیری: کاربرد نیتروژن مقدار هدررفت کربن و نیتروژن آلی از بقایا را افزایش داد و سرعت تجزیه بالای بقایای سپیدار در مقایسه با بلوط را می‌توان به میزان لیگنین کمتر این بقایا نسبت داد چون سپیدار از جمله گیاهان نرم چوب بحساب می‌آید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of forest plant residue type and nitrogen application on organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics

چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Forest ecosystems are very important types of land uses for storage of carbon in soils and removal of the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Forest plant residues which decompose slowly have a longer residence time and cause more storage of carbon in soils. As an ecological process, litter decomposition provides plants with nutrients for growth and influences their net dry primary products. The aims of this research were to study the effects of forest plant residue type and nitrogen application on organic carbon mineralization.
Materials and methods: This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of forest plant residue type and nitrogen application on organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics. A split – split plot experiment with three replications was conducted using the litter bag method. The examined factors included types of plant residue (oak, bald cypress, white poplar and pine), levels of applied nitrogen (0, 20 and 40 mg N / kg soil) and incubation periods (1, 2, 3 and 4 months) which were located in sub – sub, sub – and main plots respectively. At the end of the incubation period, the litter bags were pulled out of the pots; after the weights of the remaining plant residues in the bags were measured, the plant residues organic carbon was measured via the dry combustion method at 450°C for 5 h and the total nitrogen via the kjeldahl method. Organic carbon and nitrogen losses were calculated by subtracting the remaining amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen at each incubation time interval from those of the prior interval.
Results: The greatest (52.89 %) and the least (25.77%) amounts of organic carbon loss were measured respectively for white poplar and oak plant residues. White poplar plant residue also showed the greatest (42.74%) amount of nitrogen loss during incubation which was in contrast to pine plant residue which had the least (31.03%) amount of nitrogen loss. The highest and lowest amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen loss were obtained from 40 mg N / kg soil and control treatment. The amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen losses increased as the incubation period increased but the highest amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen losses were measured for the first month of incubation.
Conclusion: Application of nitrogen causes an increase in the residual organic carbon and nitrogen loss. White poplar residues have a higher decomposition rate than those of oak because they contain less amounts of lignin, as poplar is a soft wood tree.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Organic carbon loss
  • Plant residue types
  • Soil nitrogen levels
  • Organic nitrogen loss
1.Ali Ehyaei, M., and Behbahanizade, A.A. 1993. Methods of soil analysis. Soil and Water Research Institute. 1: 893. 6-98. (In Persian)
2.Austin, A.T., and Vivanco, L. 2006. Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation. Nature. 442: 555-558.
3.Aber, J.D., and Melillo, J.M. 1982. Nitrogen immobilization in decaying hardwood leaf litter as function of initial nitrogen and lignin content. Can. J. Bot. 60: 2362-237.
4.Aerts, R., and De Caluwe, H. 1997. Nutitional and plant – mediated controlson leaf litter decomposition of carex species. Ecology. 78: 244-260.
5.Berg, B., Davey, M., DeMarco, A., Emmett, B., Faituri, M., Hobbie, S., Johansson, M.B., Liu, C., McClaugherty, C., Norell, L., Rutigliano, F., Vesterdal, L., and Virzo De Santo, A. 2010. Factors influencing limit values for pine needle litter decomposition: a synthesis for boreal and temperate pine forest systems. Biogeochemistry. 100: 57-73.
6.Berg, B., and Staaf, H. 1980. Decomposition rate and chemical changes in decomposing needle litter of scots pine. II. Influence of chemical composition. P 373-390, In: T. Persson (Ed.), Structure and function of northern coniferous forest. Ecological Bulletins - NFR.
7.Berg, B., and Staff, H. 1987. Release of nutrients from decomposing White birch leaves and Scot pine needles litter. J. Pedobiologia. 30: 55-63.
8.Bremner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S. 1982. Nitrogen total. P 595-624, In: A.L. Page, R.H. Miller And D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical analysis. American Society of Agronomy Inc. and Soil Science Society of American Inc. Madison, W.I.
9.Benbi, D.K., and Senapati, N. 2010. Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen stabilization in relation to residue and manure application in rice-wheat systems in northwest India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 87: 233-247.
10.Boldock, J.A. 2007. Composition and cycling of organic soil carbon in soil. P 1-396,
In: P. Marchner and Z. Rengel (Eds.), Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer – Verlag, BerlinHeidelberg.
11.Constantinides, M., and Fownes, J.H. 1994. Nitrogen mineralization from leaves and litter of tropical plants Relationship to nitrogen, lignin and soluble polyphenol concentrations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 26: 49-55.
12.Carreiro, M.M., Sinsabaugh, R.L., Repert, D.A., and Parkhurst, D.F. 2000. Microbial enzyme shifts explain litter decay responses to simulated N deposition. Ecology. 81: 2359-2365.
13.Chapin, F.SIII. 1995. Newcog in the nitrogen cycle. Nature. 377: 199-200.
14.Frankenberger, W.T., and Abdelmagid, H.M. 1985. Kinetic parameters of nitrogen mineralization rates of leguminous crop incorporated into soil. Plant and Soil. 87: 257-271.
15.Fisher, R.F., and Binkley, D. 2000. Ecology and Management of Forest soils. (Third edition). John Wiley and Sons, INC, 489p.
16.Fog, K. 1988. The effect of added Nitrogen on the rate decomposition of organic matter. Biological Reviews. 63: 433-462.
17.Frey, S.D., Knorr, M., Parrent, J.L., and Simpson, R.T. 2004. Chronic nitrogen enrichment affects the structure and function of the soil microbial community in temperate hardwood and pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 196: 159-171.
18.Geng, Y.B., Dong, Y.S., and Meng, W.Q. 2000. Progresses of terrestrial carbon cycle studies. Advance in Earth Science. 19: 297-306.
19.Gorbanali Nejad, G., Tatian, M., and Tamartash, R. 1392. Factors affecting litter decomposition. The 1st National Conference on stable Agriculture and Natural Resources,
7p.
20.Hobbie, S.E., and Vitousek, P.M. 2000. Nutrient limitation of decomposition in Hawaiian forests. Ecology. 81: 1867-1877.
21.Hobbie, S. 1996. Temperature and plant species control over litter decomposition in Alaskan tundra. Ecol. Monogr. 66: 503-522.
22.IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on climate change). 2000. Land use. Land use Change and Foresty. Spatial Report. CambridgeUniversity Press.
23.Lorenz, R.D., and Radebaugh, J. 2009. Global pattern of titan's dunes: radar survey from the cassini prime mission. Geophysical Research Letters. 36: 3. 1-4.
24.Liu, P.J., Huang, X.J., Han, O., Sun, O.J., and Zhou, Z.H. 2006. Differential responses of litter decomposition to increased soil nutrients and water between two contrasting grassland plant species of Inner Mongolia, China. Appl. Soil Ecol. 34: 2-3. 266-275.
25.Lal, R. 2007. Soil Science and the Carbon Cavitations. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 71: 1425-1437.
26.Lal, R. 2003. Global potential of soil carbon sequestration to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Plant Science. 22: 2. 151-184.
27.Lal, R. 2002. Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland. Environmental Pollution. 116: 353-362.
28.Muller, M.M., Sundman, V., Soininvaara, O., and Merilainen A. 1988. Effects of chemical composition on the release of N from agricultural plant material decomposing in soil under field conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 6: 78-83.
 29.Murungu, F.S., Chiduza, C., Muchaonyerwa, P., and Mnkeni, P.N.S. 2010. Decomposition, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization from winter-grown cover crop residues and suitability for a small holder farming system in South Africa. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 
89: 115-123.
30.Magill, A.H., and Aber, L.D. 2000. Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen relationships in forest litter as affected by nitrogen deposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 32: 5. 603-613.
31.Magill, A.H., and Aber, J.D. 1998. Long-term effects of experimental N additions on foliar litter decay and humus formation in forest ecosystems. Plant and Soil. 203: 301-311.
32.Meentemeyer, V. 1978. Macroclimate and lignin control of litter decomposition rates. Ecology. 59: 465-472.
33.Oglesby, K.A., and Fownes, J.H. 1992. Effects of chemical composition on N mineralization from green manures of seven tropical species. Plant and Soil. 143: 127-132.
34.Palm, C.A., and Rowland, A.P. 1997. A mimimum dataset for characterization of plant quality for decomposition. Pp: 379-392.
35.Prescott, C.E. 2005. Do rates of litter decomposition tell us anything we really need to know? Forest Ecology and Management. 220: 1. 66-74.
36.Prescott, C.E. 1995. Does nitrogen availability control rates of litter decomposition in forests? Plant and Soil. 168: 169. 83-88.
37.Pastor, J., Stillwell, M.A., and Tilman, D. 1987. Little bluestem litter dynamics in Minnesota old fields. Oecologia. 72: 327-333.
38.Reinertsen, S.A., Elliott, L.F., Cochran, V.L., and Campbell, G.S. 1984. Role of available carbon and nitrogen in determining the rate of wheat straw decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 16: 459-464.
39.Sun, R., Chen, J.M., and Zhou, Y.Y. 2004. Spatial distribution of net primary productivity and evapotranspiration in changbaishan natural reserve. China, using landsat ETM data. Can. J. Rem. Sens. 30: 731-742.
40.Song, C.C., Liu, D., Yang, G., Song, Y., and Mao, R. 2011. Effect of nitrogen addition on decomposition of calamagrostis angustifolia litters from freshwater marshes of northeast china. J. Ecol. Engin. 37: 1578-1582.
41.Stanford, G., Frere, M.H., and Vanderpol, R.A. 1975. Effect of fluctuating temperature on soil nitrogen mineralisation. Soil Science. 119: 222-226.
42.Swift, M.J., Heal, O.W., and Anderson, J.M. 1979. Decomposition interrestrial ecosystems. Black Well Scientific, Oxford, Uk.
43.Troop, L.U., Holland, A., and Prton, J. 2004. Effect of nitrogen deposition and insect herbivory on pattern ecosystem-level carbon and nitrogen dynamic: result from the CENTURY model. Global Chan. Biol. 10: 1092-1105.
44.Taylor, B.R., Parkinson, D., and Parsons, W.F.J. 1989. Nitrogen and lignin as predictors of litter decay rates: a microcosm test. Ecology. 70: 97-104.
45.Vestgarden, L.S. 2001. Carbon and nitrogen turnover in the early stage of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Needle litter decomposition effects of internal and external nitrogen. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 33: 4-5. 465-474.
46.Van veen, J.A., Ladd, J.N., and Frissel, M.J. 1984. Modelling C and N turn over through the microbial biomass in soil. Plant and Soil. 76: 257-274.
47.Woodbury, B. 2007. Carbon sequestration in the U.S. forest sector from 1990 to 2010. Forest Ecology and Management. 241: 1-3. 14-27.
48.Walkley, A., and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37: 29-37.