Novel Bioremediation Strategies: Enhancing Polluted Soil and Protecting the Environment through Omics Technologies and Microbial Approaches

Document Type : Invited review paper

Authors

1 Corresponding Author, Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.

2 Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

Bioremediation is a crucial strategy in combating environmental pollution, particularly in soil. The escalation of industrial and agricultural activities, coupled with the introduction of non-degradable and toxic pollutants, has exacerbated soil contamination. Heavy metals, such as lead and zinc, resistant to degradation over time, potentially accumulating in the food chain and posing persistent threats to both the environment and human health. Similarly, chemical compounds like herbicides and insecticides present challenges due to their prolonged stability and persistence. Although various chemical and physical methods exist for soil remediation, the biological approach gains more attention due to its sustainability and minimal impact on native ecosystems. Bioremediation leverages natural organisms to transform hazardous substances into less harmful forms. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in this process. Furthermore, plants can enhance bioremediation efficiency through symbiotic relationships with bacteria, accelerating the degradation of pollutants and accelerating soil productivity restoration. The use of native plants and microorganisms, especially in countries with high biodiversity such as Iran, is an important step towards the sustainable use of this technology. Native plants and microorganisms have the ability to make better use of environmental conditions and are most efficient with minimal environmental changes. Recent advancements in 'omics' technologies, such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have opened new avenues for the exploration and application of bioremediation techniques. These advance technologies enable molecular-level studies of organisms by generating big data to identify the most effective microorganisms for specific pollutants. Bioremediation can be applied in two primary ways: in situ or ex situ. In-situ bioremediation addresses contaminated soil directly on-site, whereas ex-situ bioremediation involves the removal of contaminated soil to another location for remediation. Each approach has its advantages and limitations, necessitating careful consideration prior to implementation. The integration of phytoremediation and microbial bioremediation methods can enhance efficiency and reduce costs, making the process economically viable. This study aims to serve as a comprehensive guide to understanding the diverse methodologies in bioremediation. Furthermore, it proposes sustainable and effective strategies to transform non-arable polluted lands into arable areas, offering environmental and economic benefits for future land reuse. Finally, what is ahead of bioremediation is turning bioremediation into a central tool in sustainable development. In addition, from the decomposition of industrial pollutants to the restoration of damaged natural environments, bioremediation can play an important role in providing a better and healthier life for future generations. This multifaceted and expandable approach can be one of the keys to success in sustainable environmental management in the 21st century.

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Main Subjects

References

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Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Volume 31, Issue 2
July 2024
Pages 33-55

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