Effect of drip and surface irrigation systems on contaminant transport in a soil affected by cracking pathway

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Water Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekpord, Iran,

2 Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekpord, Iran

3 Professor, Dept. of Soil Science and Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekpord, Iran

4 Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad Univercity, Isfahan, Iran

5 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Water Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekpord, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: The contaminant mass balance in a soil profile is highly necessary in long term agriculture management under different irrigation systems. The objective of this research was assessment of the preferential flow on the travel time and mass balance of NO3 under two irrigation systems.
Materials and methods: Nine PVC-columns were employed with a 60 cm length and 16 cm diameter. Each column included 50 cm height of clay loam soil and two cracks with 50 cm length and 1 cm diameter that filled by course sand. The treatments were based on two groups at three levels. The main group was crack: soil with blocked cracks (M); soil with remove lateral infiltration to cracks (MC-S); soil with lateraled and vertical correlation and infiltration with cracks (MC-C). The subgroup was irrigation systems: surface irrigation (SI) with 2 cm water constant height and surface drip irrigation system (DI4 & DI2) with 2 and 4 l/h flux, respectively. Each experiment column was irrigated for 6 hours (1 h with distilled water; 2h with solution consist of 176 (mg) of NO3 and 61.8 (mg) of Cl in 1 liter distilled water and finally 3 h with distilled water). Before start of experiment, each column was irrigated with distilled water for 5 h to reach saturation condition. The drainage water separately collected from soil and cracks every 15, 30 and 60 min.
Results: The results showed the value of mass balance of NO3 and Cl in SI and DI4 irrigation systems were more similarity. Based on the results, the mass of NO3 of drainage water in M inDI2 was approximately half in compare to SI and DI4. Whiles, this mass of Cl that transported under DI2was more in compare to SI and DI4. Also, the travel time of Cl in MC-C treatment, in crack section, was shorter of NO3. On the other hand, the results show the mass balance of these anions that transported from crack section in the most of the treatments was 1.5 times more. It indicates vertical flows in course paths of crack have the main role to move and transport of contaminants such as and Cl toward groundwater.
Conclusion: Over all, under high water velocity as SI, NO3 is transporting more rapidly but under condition with low water velocity like as DI2 with longer time of unsaturation condition, Cl is leaching more. The preferential flows in treatment with full interaction between soil matrix and cracks were happen more. Also, the preferential flow has stronger role to transport of Cl than NO3.

Keywords

References

1.Abbasi, F. 2013. Advanced Soil Physics. University of Tehran Press. 3rd Edition . 334p.
2.Ahmadimoghadam, Z., and Tabatabaei S.H. 2021. Evaluation of CDE and MIM models to transfer Trichloroethylene (TCE) in a carbonate porous media using inverse solution method. Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering. 53 :1. 393-404. https://dx.doi.org/10.22060/ceej.2018.13256.5356. (In Persian)
3.Akhavan, S., Ebrahimi, S., Navabian, M., Shabanpour, M., Mojtahedi, A., and Movahedi Naeini, A. 2018. Significance of physicochemical factors in the transmission of Escherichia coli and chloride. Environmental Health Engineering and Management J. 5: 2. 115-122.
4.Al-Darby, A., and Abdel-Nasser, A. 2006. Nitrate leaching through unsaturated soil columns: comparison between numerical and analytical solution. Journal of applied sciences.6: 4. 735-743.
5.Alef, K., and Nannipieri, P. 1995. Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, London . 576p.
6.Amiri, E., Mahboubi, A.A., Mosaddeghi, M.R., and Shirani, H. 2014. Breakthrough curve of bromide as affected by soil structure in saturated and unsaturated conditions. J. Sci. Technol. Agric.
Natur. Resour. Water and Soil Sci.18: 68. 111-120. (In Persian)
7.Arye, G., Tarchitzky, J., and Chen, Y. 2011. Treated wastewater effects on water repellency and soil hydraulic properties of soil aquifer treatment infiltration basins. J. of Hydrology.397: 136-145.
8.Asghari, Sh., Abbasi, F., Neyshabouri, M.R., Oustsan, Sh., and Aliasgharzad, N. 2011. Effects of four organic soil condition on some hydraulic and solute transport parameters in a sandy loam
soil. J. of Water and Soil Conservation. 18: 2. 177-192. (In Persian)
9.Azadifar, H., Moazed, A., Soltani Mohammadi A., and Farrokhian Firouzi A. 2015. The Effect of Soil Texture and Transmission Distance on The Nitrate Dispersivity in Sandy Soil Using Brigham, Fried-Combernous Models and CXTFIT code. Science and Irrigation Engineer. 39: 4. 147-157. (In Persian)
10.Bagheri, H., and Zare Abyaneh, H. 2017. Simulation of Nitrate andSodium Transport in Soil Treatment with Vermicompost Under Different Irrigation Regimes. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. 5: 11. 888-899. (In Persian)
11.Behbahani Zadeh Rezaian, Z., Pazira, A., Panahpour, A., and Zarabi, N. 2017. Comparison of different leaching ways of solute from salinity and soudic soil profil. J. of Science and Water Engineer. Azad Islamic university. Ahvaz Branch. 7: 15. 81-95. (In Persian)
12.Beyrami, H., Neyshabouri, M.R., Nazemi, A.H., and Abbasi, F. 2014. Effects of soil water repellency on infiltration characteristics of two Sandy Loam and Clay Loam soils. J. of
Water and Soil Science. 25: 2. 181-192. (In Persian)
13.Bogner, C., Borken, W., and Huwe, B. 2012. Impact of preferential flow onsoil chemistry of a podzol. Geoderma. 175: 37-46.
14.Delbari, M., Talebzadeh, M., Naghavii, H., and Gholamalizadeh, A. 2012. Salt Leaching Process in saline soils through disturbed soil columns. science and Research J. of water and irrigation engineer. 2: 4. 54-65. (In Persian)
15.Emami, A. 2012. Evaluation effect of nitrate fertigation and frequency on nitrate leaching and distribution in soil. Water and Soil Journal, 26: 3. 545-553.
16.Gibert, O., Hernández, M., Wefer-Roehl, A., Wefer-Roehl, Ch., and Leitão, T. 2015. Guidelining protocol for soil-column experiments assessing fate and transport of trace organics. 7p.
17.Hardie, M., Lisson, S., Doyle, R., andet al. 2013. Determining the frequency, depth and velocity of preferential flow by high frequency soil moisture monitoring. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 144: 1. 66-77.
18.Kafil, M., Moazed, H., and Moradzadeh, M. 2018. Simulation of nitrateand ammonium ions leaching in asandy loam soil using analytical and numerical models. J. of Water andSoil Conservation, 25: 3. 255-267.(In Persian)
19.Klute, A. 1986. Methods of soil analysis. Part 1–Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd. ed Agronomy Monograph No 9: American Society of Agronomy/Soil Science Society of America (Ed. A Klute), Madison, Wisconsin . 1188p.
20.Lalehzari, R., Tabatabaei, S.H., and Kholghi, M. 2013. Simulation of nitrate transport and wastewater seepage in groundwater flow system. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10: 1367-1376.
21.Mori, Y., and Hirai, Y. 2014. Effective Vertical Solute Transport in Soils by Artificial Macropore System. J. of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 18: 2. 1-7.
22.Morkani, M., Nasrollahi, M., Ravanbakhs, M., Bahrami, P., and Jafarzadeh Haghighi Fard, N.
2015. Evaluation of natural zeolite clinoptilolite efficiency for the removal of ammonium and nitrate fromaquatic solutions. Environmental Health Engineering and Management J.2: 1: 17-22.
23.Nabipour, M., Emami, H., and Astaraei, A. 2012. The effect of N-fetilize source and irrigation period on nitrate leaching and distribution in soil profil. The 1th international conference on water management in farm. Karaj. 350p.(In Persian )
24.Nelson, D.W., and Sommers, L.E.1996. Methods of Soil Analysis.Part 3. Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America Book Series No. 5. pp. 961-1010.
25.Peron, H., Hueckel, T., Laloui, L., and Hu, L.B. 2012. Formation of drying crack patterns in soils: a deterministic approach. Acta Geotechnica . 8: 215-221
26.Peterson, E.W., and Wicks, C.M. 2005. Fluid and solute transport from aconduit to the matrix in a carbonate aquifer system. Mathematical Geology. 37: 8. 851-867.
27.Ramzani, Z., Vaezi, A., Mohamadi, M.H., and Babaei, F. 2017. The effect of crust and suface crack on saturation hydraulic conductivity of soil. Research J. of water and soil of Iran. 48: 3. 565-572. (In Persian)
28.Rinaldo, A., Beven, K.J., Bertuzzo, E., Nicotina, L., Davies, J., Fiori, A., Russo, D., and Botter, G. 2011. Catchment travel time distributions and water flow in soils. Water Resources Research J. 47: 1-13.
29.Tabatabaei, S.H., and Lalehzari, R. 2009. Determination of the contaminant sources by mapping tools in Shahrekord aquifer Iran. International Groundwater Symposium, Thailand . Pp: 914-922.
30.Tabatabaei, S.H., Mousavi, S.M., Mirlatifi, S.M., Sharifnia, R.S., and Pessarakli, M. 2017. Effects of municipal wastewater on soil chemical properties in cultivating Turfgrass using subsurface drip irrigation. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 40: 1133-1142.
31.Tabatabaei, S.H., Nourmahnad, N., Golestani Kermani, S., Tabatabaei, S.A., Heidarpour, M., and Najafi, P. 2020. Urban wastewater reuse in agriculture for irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions - A review. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. 9: 193-220.
32.Taran, F., Ashraf Sadraddini, A., and Nazemi, A.H. 2016. Laboratory study of the influence of continuous andnon-continuous macropore layers on solute transport in soil. J. of Waterand Soil Conservation. 6: 3. 113-125. (In Persian)
33.Van der Velde, Y., Rooij, G.H., Rozemeijer, J.C., and Van Geer, F.C. 2010. Nitrate response of a lowland catchment: On the relation between stream concentration and travel time distribution dynamics. Water Resources Research J. 46: 1-17.
34.Wang, Y., Bradford, S.A., andSimunek, J. 2014. Physicochemical factors influencing the preferential transport of Escherichia coli in soils. Vadose Zone J. 13: 1-10.
35.Yousefi, G., Safadoust, A., Mosaddegh, M.R., and Mahboubi, A.A. 2012.Long-term cropping and soil texture efects on lithium and bromide transport under unsaturated flow conditions. J. Sci. Technol. Agric. Natur. Resour. Water and Soil Sci. 17: 65. 89-99.(In Persian)
36.Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Ma, Z., Chen,J., Akbar, J., Zhang, S., CheCh Zhang, M. and Cerdà, A. 2018. A Reviewof Preferential Water Flow in Soil Science. Canadian J. of Soil Science.98: 4. 604-618.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Volume 28, Issue 1
June 2021
Pages 219-236

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics