Comparison of the efficiency of pure and chitosan coated adsorbents in immobilization of soil cadmium

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 PhD. Student, Dept. of Soil Science, University of Zanjan

2 Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

3 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Soil Science, University of Zanjan

4 Dept. of Soil Science, University of Zanjan

Abstract

Background and objectives: Contamination of soil and water by heavy metals have accelerated since the beginning of the industrial revolution. So cleaning up and removing of the contaminants is one of the major challenges of human societies. There are different methods for remediation of contaminated environments and adsorption and immobilization of heavy metals by the adsorbents is one of them. In addition to being effective and fast, the immobilization technique is simple, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. In recent years, the use of polymeric composites, among the various adsorbents of heavy metals, has attracted the attention of many researchers due to their higher efficiency in comparison of pure adsorbents. Chitosan composites are among those polymeric composites that, due to their properties, can have a high ability to absorb heavy metals in contaminated environments. Chitosan composites have often been used to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater, however, the efficiency of these composites in immobilization of heavy metals in soils has not been studied. Due to the great variety and environmental safety of these composites, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of pure and chitosan coated adsorbents in immobilization of soil cadmium.
Materials and methods: For this purpose, a pot factorial experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design and three replications. Factors studied were soil cadmium levels (0, 8, 25 and 75 mg/kg soil) and types of adsorbent including pure chitosan, biochar, zeolite and nanomagnetite and composites of chitosan- biochar, chitosan- zeolite and chitosan- magnetite and control (without adsorbents). Each adsorbent was applied to soil at the rate of 0.5% W/W. Uncontaminated soil samples were spiked with different amounts of cadmium sulfate and incubated for two months to achieve relative equilibrium. After two months the samples were treated with different adsorbents and incubated for another two months. Then the amounts of DTPA extractable cadmium and its different chemical forms were determined.
Results: The results showed that the application of adsorbents to soil decreased the concentrations of DTPA extractable cadmium. The results also showed that chitosan composites had higher ability for immobilization of cadmium in the soil than the pure chitosan, biochar, zeolite and nanomagnetite and the highest cadmium immobilization ability was observed for the composite of chitosan- magnetite. Reductions in DTPA- extractable cadmium for pure chitosan, biochar, nanomagnetite, and zeolite were 26.11, 19.38, 18.00 and 7.71% and for composites of chitosan- magnetite, chitosan- biochar and chitosan- zeolite were 34.02, 32.04 and 30.56% respectively when compared to the control treatment. Sequential extraction at the contamination level of 75 mg Cd/kg soil also showed that the use of adsorbents significantly reduced the soluble + exchangeable and carbonate forms of cadmium compared to the control treatment and increased its more stable forms including iron and manganese oxide, organic matter and residue fractions.
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that coating the pure adsorbents with chitosan by creating more adsorption sites reduces the cadmium mobility in the soils and increased the efficiency of pure adsorbents in the immobilization of cadmium. It was also observed that among the composites that used in this experiment, the highest ability to reduce the cadmium concentration was related to the chitosan-magnetite composite.

Keywords

References

 1.Abdallahi, S., and Golchin, A. 2018. Investigation of the ability of lead absorbtion and transfer in three varieties of cabbage. Iran. J. Water Soil Res.49: 1. 145-158. (In Persian)
2.Ahmad, M., Ahmed, S., Swami, B.L., and Ikram, S. 2015. Adsorption of heavy metal ions: role of chitosan and cellulose for water treatment. Inter. J. Pharmacogn. 2: 6. 280-289.
3.Ali Ehyaei, M., and Behbahani Zadeh, A.A. 1993. Description of Soil Chemical Analysis Methods. Soil and Water Research Institute. 1: 893. (In Persian)
4.Bahrami, M., Boroumand nasnab, S., Kashkoli, H.A., Farrokhian Firouzi, A., and Babaei, A.A. 2013. Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions using modified magnetite nanoparticles.
J. Health Environ. 6: 2. 221-232.(In Persian)
5.Chang, Y.C., and Chen, D.H. 2005. Preparation and adsorption properties of monodisperse chitosan-bound Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for removal of Cu (II) ions. J. Coll. Inter. Sci.
283: 2. 446-451.
6.Dehghani, M.H., Dehghan, A., and Najafpoor, A. 2017. Removing Reactive Red 120 and 196 using chitosan/zeolite composite from aqueous solutions: Kinetics, isotherms, and process optimization. J. Indus. Engin. Chem.51: 185-195.
7.El-Kafrawy, A.F., El-Saeed, S.M., Farag, R.K., El-Saied, H.A.A., and Abdel-Raouf, M.E.S. 2017. Adsorbents based on natural polymers for removal of some heavy metals from aqueous solution. Egypt. J. Petroleum. 26: 1. 23-32.
8.Fernandes Queiroz, M., Melo, K., Sabry, D., Sassaki, G., and Rocha, H. 2015. Does the use of chitosan contribute to oxalate kidney stone formation?. Marine drugs. 13: 1. 141-158.
9.Gunarathne, V., Senadeera, A., Gunarathne, U., Biswas, J.K., Almaroai, Y.A., and Vithanage, M. 2020. Potential of biochar and organic amendments for reclamation of coastal acidic-salt affected soil. Biochar. Pp: 1-14.
10.Gupta, A.K., and Sinha, S. 2007. Assessment of single extraction methods for the prediction of bioavailability of metals to Brassica juncea L. Czern. (var. Vaibhav) grown on tannery waste contaminated soil. J. Hazard. Mater. 149: 1. 144-150.
11.Haldorai, Y., Kharismadewi, D., Tuma, D., and Shim, J.J. 2015. Properties of chitosan/magnetite nanoparticles composites for efficient dye adsorption and antibacterial agent. Korea. J. Chem. Engin. 32: 8. 1688-1693.
12.Hosseinpur, A.R., and Motaghian, H. 2015. Evaluating of many chemical extractants for assessment of Zn and Pb uptake by bean in polluted soils. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 15: 1. 24-34.
13.Hussain, A., Maitra, J., and Khan, K.A. 2017. Development of biochar and chitosan blend for heavy metals uptake from synthetic and industrial wastewater. Applied Water Science.
7: 8. 4525-4537.
14.Kanchana, V., Gomathi, T., Geetha, V., and Sudha, P. 2012. Adsorption analysis of Pb (II) by nanocomposites of chitosan with methyl cellulose and clay. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 4: 4. 1071-1079.
15.Kim, K.H., Kim, J.Y., Cho, T.S., and Choi, J.W. 2012. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). Bioresource Technology. 118: 158-162.
16.Lindsay, W.L., and Norvel, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA as a soil response investigation of Mn2+ complexation in natural and synthetic organics. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.46: 1137-43.
17.Lu, R.K. 1999. Analytical methods of soil agrochemistry. China Agricultural Science and Technology Publishing House. Beijing. Pp: 18-99.
18.Majer, B.J., Tscherko, D., and Paschke, A. 2002. Effects of heavy metal contamination of soils on micronucleus induction in Tradescantia and on microbial enzyme activities: a comparative investigation. Mutation Research. 515: 111-124.
19.Meers, E., Samson, R., Tack, F.M.G., Ruttens, A., Vandegehuchte, M., Vangronsveld, J., and Verloo, M.G. 2007. Phytoavailability assessment of heavy metals in soils by single extractions and accumulation by Phaseolus vulgaris. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60: 3. 385-396.
20.Mohanasrinivasan, V., Mishra, M., Paliwal, J.S., Singh, S.K., Selvarajan,E., Suganthi, V., and Devi, C.S. 2014. Studies on heavy metal removal efficiency and antibacterial activity of chitosan prepared from shrimp shell waste. Biotech. 4: 2. 167-175.
21.Pham, X.N., Nguyen, T.P., Pham, T.N., Tran, T.T.N., and Tran, T.V.T. 2016. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-coated magnetite nanoparticles and their application in curcumin drug delivery. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 7: 4.
22.Qasim, B., Motelica-Heino, M., Joussein, E., Soubrand, M., and Gauthier, A. 2015. Potentially toxic element phytoavailability assessment in Technosols from former smelting and mining areas. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22: 8. 5961-5974.
23.Rajaei, M., Karimian, N., Maftoun, M., Yasrebi, J., and Assad, M.T. 2006. Chemical forms of cadmium in two calcareous soil textural classes as affected by application of cadmium-enriched compost and incubation time. Geoderma. 136: 533-541.
24.Rayment, G.E., and Higgison, F.R. 1992. Australian laboratory handbook of Soil and water chemical methods. Inkata Press Pty Ltd.
25.Rezakhani, L., Golchin, A., and Shafiee, S. 2012. Effect of different rates of Cd and Cu on growth and chemical composition of spinach. Agronomyand Plant Breeding. 8: 1. 87-100.(In Persian)
26.Shober, A.L., Stehouwer, R.C., and MacNeal, K.E. 2007. Chemical fractionation of trace elements in biosolid-amended soils and correlation with trace elements in crop tissue. Community of Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 38: 7-8. 1029-1046.
27.SIRIM. 1984. Specification of powdered activated carbon MS873: Standardization and Industrial Research Institute Malaysia. Kuala Lumpure.
28.Suarez-Hernandez, L., and Barrera-Zapata, R. 2017. Morphological and physicochemical characterization of biochar produced by gasification of selected forestry species. Revista Facultad de Ingenieria. 26: 46. 123-130.
29.Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G., andBisson, M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical chemistry. 51: 7. 844-851.
30.Wang, X., Du, Y., Fan, L., Liu, H., and Hu, Y. 2005. Chitosan-metal complexes as antimicrobial agent: synthesis, characterization and structure-activity study. Polymer Bulletin. 55: 1-2. 105-113.
31.Wuana, R.A., and Okieimen, F.E. 2011. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices: Ecology.
32.Yi, N., Wu, Y., Fan, L., and Hu, S. 2019. Remediating Cd-contaminated soils using natural and chitosan-introduced zeolite, bentonite, and activated carbon. Polish J. Environ. Stud. 28: 3. 1461-1468.
33.Zhou, Y., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A.R., Fang, J., Sun, Y., and Cao, X. 2013. Sorption of heavy metals on chitosan-modified biochars and its biological effects. Chem. Engin. J. 231: 512-518.
Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Volume 27, Issue 5
January and February 2021
Pages 129-148

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics