اثر تلفیق اوره با کود دامی و دو نوع کمپوست (لجن فاضلاب و پسماند شهری) بر غلظت عناصر غذایی کم‌مصرف و سدیم در دانه، برگ و ساقه گندم

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

2 دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تبریز

3 دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

4 دانشگاه تبریز

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: برای بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک، افزایش ظرفیت نگهداری آب و عناصر غذایی در خاک، افزایش نفوذ آب در خاک، کاهش فرسایش خاک و بهبود رشد و عملکرد گیاهان، مصرف کودهای آلی مختلف در خاک با توجه به کمبود مواد آلی در بیشتر خاک‌های ایران، اهمیت زیادی دارد. بااین‌حال، این کودها به‌تنهایی نمی‌توانند نیاز گیاهان را تأمین کنند و به اندازه کافی در دسترس کشاورزان نیستند. از طرف دیگر، مصرف زیاد کودهای شیمیایی باعث آلودگی محیط زیست و افزایش هزینه تولید می‌شود. لذا، برای استفاده مؤثر از کودهای شیمیایی و آلی و دستیابی به کشاورزی پایدار، مصرف تلفیقی کودهای آلی و شیمیایی توصیه شده است. کمبود عناصر غذایی کم‌مصرف در بیشتر خاک‌های کشاورزی عملکرد و کیفیت گندم را به‌عنوان یک محصول استراتژیک در ایران کاهش می‌دهد. بنابراین، وجود غلظت‌های مناسبی از این عناصر در دانه و کاه کلش گندم نه‌تنها برای بهبود عملکرد و کیفیت این گیاه بلکه در زنجیره غذایی برای رشد و سلامتی حیوانات و انسان ضروری است. برای بهبود تغذیه عناصر غذایی کممصرف و کیفیت گندم، مدیریت تلفیقی حاصلخیزی خاک ضروری است.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش برای بررسی تأثیر تلفیق اوره با کود دامی، کمپوست پسماند شهری و کمپوست لجن فاضلاب شهری بر غلظت آهن، روی، مس، منگنز و سدیم دانه، ساقه و برگ گندم رقم الوند انجام شد. آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 15 تیمار و سه تکرار در شرایط مزرعه‌ای در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی خلعت‌پوشان دانشگاه تبریز انجام شد. تیمارها شامل 1-شاهد (بدون مصرف کود آلی و اوره)، 2-کود اوره (kg/ha150)، 3-کود اوره (kg/ha300)، 4-کمپوست پسماند شهری (t/ha30)، 5-کمپوست پسماند شهری (t/ha30)+ کود اوره (kg/ha150)، 6-کمپوست پسماند شهری (t/ha60)، 7-کمپوست پسماند شهری (t/ha60)+ کود اوره (kg/ha150)، 8-کمپوست لجن فاضلاب شهری (t/ha30)، 9-کمپوست لجن فاضلاب شهری (t/ha30)+ کود اوره (kg/ha150)، 10-کمپوست لجن فاضلاب شهری (t/ha60)، 11-کمپوست لجن فاضلاب شهری (t/ha60) + کود اوره (kg/ha150)، 12-کود دامی (t/ha30)، 13-کود دامی (t/ha30) + کود اوره (kg/ha150)، 14-کود دامی (t/ha60)، و 15-کود دامی (t/ha60)+ کود اوره (kg/ha150) بودند. مساحت هر کرت 2×9/1 مترمربع بود. در پایان دوره رشد، گیاهان برداشت شدند و غلظت آهن، روی، مس، منگنز و سدیم در دانه، برگ و ساقه آن‌ها تعیین شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که تأثیر تیمارها بر غلظت آهن، روی، منگنز و مس اندام‌های مختلف گندم در سطح احتمال 1 درصد معنادار بود (به‌استثنای غلظت مس دانه). مصرف 300 کیلوگرم کود اوره در هکتار غلظت آهن دانه و ساقه، غلظت مس برگ و ساقه، غلظت منگنز برگ و غلظت سدیم ساقه را به‌طور معناداری نسبت به شاهد افزایش داد. بین سطح کود اوره و غلظت روی برگ همبستگی مثبت معنادار مشاهده شد. مصرف کود دامی، کمپوست لجن فاضلاب شهری و کمپوست پسماند شهری غلظت آهن و روی دانه، غلظت آهن، روی و منگنز برگ و آهن، روی، مس و منگنز ساقه گندم را به‌طور معنادار نسبت به شاهد افزایش داد. غلظت آهن، روی، مس و منگنز در اندام‌های مختلف گندم در تیمارهای تلفیقی به‌ویژه تلفیق 150 کیلوگرم اوره با 60 تن در هکتار کودهای آلی بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود درحالی‌که غلظت سدیم دانه گندم در این تیمارها کمتر از سایر تیمارها بود. میان غلظت‌های عناصر در اندام‌های مختلف گندم همبستگی‌های معنادار وجود داشت.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طورکلی، برای کاهش مصرف کود‌های شیمیایی و دستیابی به کشاورزی پایدار، بهبود تغذیه آهن، روی، مس و منگنز گندم و بهبود کیفیت دانه و کاه و کلش آن، مصرف 150 کیلوگرم اوره به‌همراه 30 یا 60 تن در هکتار از لجن فاضلاب شهری یا کود دامی و یا کمپوست پسماند شهری می‌تواند در شرایط مشابه توصیه شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of urea integration with manure and two types of compost (municipal waste and sewage sludge) on concentrations of micronutrients and sodium in wheat leaf, stem and seed

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nosratollah Najafi 1
  • Rashed Ahmadinezhad 2
  • Naser Aliasgharzad 3
  • Shahin Oustan 4
1 دانشیار دانشگاه تبریز
2 Former Graduate Student, University of Tabriz
3 Soil Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz,
4 Soil Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Due to lack of organic matter in most soils of Iran, use of different organic fertilizers in soil is very important for improving soil fertility, increasing water and nutrient storage capacity in soil, increasing water infiltration, reducing soil erosion and improving plant growth and yield. However, these fertilizers alone cannot provide all the requirements of plants for different nutrients and are not sufficiently available to farmers everywhere. On the other hand, high consumptions of chemical fertilizers cause environmental pollution and increased agricultural production costs. So, in order to increase effectiveness of organic and chemical fertilizers and to achieve sustainable agriculture, integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers is recommended. The deficiencies of micronutrients in the most agricultural soils often reduce the yield and quality of wheat. Therefore, the appropriate concentrations of these nutrients in wheat are important not only for the optimum yield of the wheat plant and its quality improvement but also for the health of humans and animals. In order to improve micronutrients nutrition of wheat and its quality the integrated management of soil fertility is essential.
Materials and Methods: This research was carried out to study the effects of urea combining with farmyard manure (FYM), municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and municipal sewage sludge compost (MSSC) on concentrations of micronutrients and sodium in seed, leaf and stem of wheat. The experiment was done in a randomized complete blocks design with 15 treatments and three replications under field conditions at Khalatposhan Agricultural Research Station, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. The treatments included were: 1) control, 2) 150 kg urea/ha, 3) 300 kg urea/ha, 4) 30 ton MSWC/ha, 5) 30 ton MSWC/ha + 150 kg urea/ha, 6) 60 ton MSWC/ha, 7) 60 ton MSWC/ha + 150 kg urea/ha, 8) 30 ton MSSC/ha, 9) 30 ton MSSC/ha + 150 kg urea/ha, 10) 60 ton MSSC/ha, 11) 60 ton MSSC/ha + 150 kg urea/ha, 12) 30 ton FYM/ha, 13) 30 ton FYM/ha + 150 kg urea/ha, 14) 60 ton FYM/ha, 15) 60 ton FYM/ha + 150 kg urea/ha. The size of each plot was 2.0 m × 1.9 m. At the end of growth period, the plants were harvested and the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Na in their seeds, leaves and stems were measured.
Results: The results showed that the effects of treatments on the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in different sections of wheat were significant. The application of 300 kg urea/ha significantly increased Fe concentration in seed and stem, Cu concentration in leaf and stem, Mn concentration in leaf and Na concentration in stem as compared with the control. There was a significant positive correlation between Zn concentration in leaf and urea fertilizer level. The use of FYM, MSWC and MSSC significantly increased the concentrations of Fe and Zn in seed, concentrations of Fe, Zn and Mn in leaf and concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in stem relative to the control. The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in different sections of wheat in integrated treatments especially in combined application of 150 kg urea and 60 ton FYM, MSWC and MSSC per hectare were greater than other treatments while the seed Na concentration in these treatments was lower than other treatments.
Conclusions: In general, in order to decrease chemical fertilizers use and achieving sustainable agriculture, improvement of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn nutrition of wheat plant, improvement of wheat seed and straw quality, combined application of 150 kg urea and 30 or 60 ton FYM or MSWC or MSSC per hectare could be recommended at similar conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Integrated management of plant nutrition
  • Manure
  • Municipal solid waste compost
  • Sewage sludge
  • Wheat

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 26، شماره 3
مرداد و شهریور 1398
صفحه 1-27

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