مرادی, سروه, نبی اللهی, کمال, حسینی, سید محمد طاهر. (1397). اثر تخریب جنگل در موقعیت های مختلف شیب بر روی کیفیت و تحول خاک در غرب استان کردستان. مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک, 25(2), 131-149. doi: 10.22069/jwsc.2018.14263.2900
سروه مرادی; کمال نبی اللهی; سید محمد طاهر حسینی. "اثر تخریب جنگل در موقعیت های مختلف شیب بر روی کیفیت و تحول خاک در غرب استان کردستان". مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک, 25, 2, 1397, 131-149. doi: 10.22069/jwsc.2018.14263.2900
مرادی, سروه, نبی اللهی, کمال, حسینی, سید محمد طاهر. (1397). 'اثر تخریب جنگل در موقعیت های مختلف شیب بر روی کیفیت و تحول خاک در غرب استان کردستان', مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک, 25(2), pp. 131-149. doi: 10.22069/jwsc.2018.14263.2900
مرادی, سروه, نبی اللهی, کمال, حسینی, سید محمد طاهر. اثر تخریب جنگل در موقعیت های مختلف شیب بر روی کیفیت و تحول خاک در غرب استان کردستان. مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک, 1397; 25(2): 131-149. doi: 10.22069/jwsc.2018.14263.2900
اثر تخریب جنگل در موقعیت های مختلف شیب بر روی کیفیت و تحول خاک در غرب استان کردستان
سابقه و هدف: کیفیت خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل در ارزیابی مدیریت خاک می‌باشد لذا شناخت همه خصوصیات کیفیت خاک از قبیل فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی ضروری می‌باشد .تخریب جنگل و تغییر کاربری اراضی بر تغییرات ویژگی‌های خاک تاثیر گذاشته و منجر به کاهش کیفیت خاک می‌شود. علاوه بر این، خصوصیات خاک به موقعیت توپوگرافی نیز بستگی دارد. منطقه مریوان در استان کردستان جزو مناطق جنگلی زاگرس می‌باشد که با توجه به افزایش جمعیت در چند دهه اخیر و افزایش نیاز به غذا مورد تهدید قرار گرفته و بخش‌های از آن تحت کشت زراعت رفته است. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی اثر تخریب جنگل و جایگاه شیب بر روی کیفیت و تحول خاک در غرب استان کردستان می‌باشد. مواد و روش: 8 نیمرخ خاک در جایگاه‌های مختلف (شانه‌شیب، پشته‌شیب، پای‌شیب و پنجه‌شیب) دو شیب تپه مجاور هم، تحت کاربری‌های زراعت و جنگل (با شرایط یکسان) حفر و تشریح شدند. علاوه بر این در هر کاربری در هر موقعیت شیب، 3 نمونه خاک از عمق 20-0 سانتی‌متری برداشت شد. ویژگی‌های بافت خاک، شن ریز، کربن آلی، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، رطوبت ظرفیت مزرعه‌ای، رطوبت نقطه پژمردگی دائم، هدایت الکتریکی، اسیدیته، کربنات کلسیم معادل، ازت کل، فسفر در دسترس، پتاسیم در دسترس، نفوذپذیری، شدت تنفس میکروبی، تخلخل، نسبت جذب سطحی سدیم (SAR)، رطوبت قابل استفاده و فرسایش‌پذیری خاک اندازه‌گیری و محاسبه شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که موقعیت‌های پایین شیب (پنجه‌شیب و پای‌شیب) دارای مقادیر بیشتر رس، کربن آلی، رطوبت قابل دسترس، شن‌ریز، سیلت، ازت کل، فسفر قابل دسترس، پتاسیم قابل دسترس، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، نفوذپذیری و شدت تنفس میکروبی و مقادیر کمتر کربنات کلسیم معادل، هدایت الکتریکی، فرسایش‌پذیری، pH و SAR در مقایسه با موقعیت‌های بالای شیب بودند. خاک‌های تشکیل شده در موقعیت‌های پایین شیب دارای عمق و تحول بیشتری در مقایسه با موقعیت‌های بالای شیب بودند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد دو کاربری (جنگل و زراعت) از لحاظ مقدار جرم مخصوص ظاهری، تخلخل، سلیت، رس، کربنات کلسیم معادل، شن ریز، pH، ماده آلی، شدت تنفس میکروبی، نفوذپذیری، نیتروژن کل، فرسایش‌پذیری و رطوبت قابل دسترس دارای اختلاف معنی‌داری بودند و تغییر کاربری اراضی جنگلی به زراعی منجر به تخریب مالی‌سولزها شده است. بنابراین، خصوصیات خاک وابسته به موقعیت شیب و نوع کاربری بوده و این عوامل، ویژگی‌ها و تحول خاک را تحت تأثیر قرار داده‌اند. نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد تخریب جنگل در منطقه مریوان منجر کاهش کیفیت خاک از طریق کاهش معنی‌دار کربن آلی، تنفس میکروبی، ازت کل، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، تخلخل، نفوذپذیری و رطوبت قابل استفاده و افزایش معنی‌دار جرم مخصوص ظاهری، اسیدیته، SAR، شن‌ریز، فرسایش‌پذیری و سیلت شده است. همچنین تخریب جنگل و تغییر کاربری اراضی به‌دلیل کشت و کار منجر به کاهش مقدار ماده آلی و تخریب ساختمان خاک افق مالیک شده است. لذا افق مالیک به اکریک تبدیل شده و رده‌های انتی‌سولز و اینسپتی‌سولز در کاربری زراعت تشکیل شده‌اند. علاوه بر این نتایج نشان داد که موقعیت‌های مختلف شیب بر مقدار جرم مخصوص ظاهری، شن، سلیت، رس، نفوذپذیری، فرسایش‌پذیری، رطوبت قابل دسترس، pH، ماده آلی، کربنات کلسیم معادل، شدت تنفس میکروبی، نیتروژن، فسفر، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی و پتاسیم خاک موثر بوده و دارای اختلاف معنی داری هستند. این نتایج نشان می دهد مدیریت کنونی اراضی مورد مطالعه، کیفیت خاک را متأثر ساخته و منجر به تخریب اراضی می گردد. بنابراین، حفاظت خاک مناطق شیب‌دار با ممانعت از جنگل‌تراشی در جنگل‌های مریوان و استفاده از اراضی مطابق با قابلیت‌شان جهت حفظ کیفیت خاک و اراضی ضروری است.
Assessing the effect of forest degradation in different slope positions on soil quality and evolution in west of Kurdistan Province
نویسندگان [English]
serve moradi1؛ kamal nabiollahi1؛ Sayed mohamad taher Hissaini2
1Soil science and engineering, university of Kurdistan
2Soil science and Engineering, university of Kurdistan
چکیده [English]
Background and Objectives: Soil quality is one of the most important factors to assess soil management. Therefore, recognition of all soil quality properties such as physical, chemical and biological is essential. Forest degradation and land use change effect on soil properties variability and led to decrease soil quality factors on soil quality. Moreover, soil characteristics also are related to slope position. The region of Marivan in Kurdistan province is one of the forested areas of Zagros which in recent decades, due to population growth and the increased need for food, has been threatened and some parts are now cultivated. The aim of this research is assessing the effect of forest degradation and slope position on soil quality and evolution in west of Kurdistan Province. Materials and Methods: Eight soil profiles in different slope position (shoulder, back slope, foot slope and toe slope) of two adjacent hill slope, under land uses of cropland and forest (uniform condition) were dug and described. Moreover, in each land use three soil samples were taken from depth 0-20 cm in each slope position. Properties of soil texture, bulk density, particle density, fine sand, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, field capacity moisture, permanent wilting point moisture, electrical conductivity, pH, carbonate calcium equivalent, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potash infiltration rate, microbial respiration rate, porosity, available moisture sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and erodibility were measured and computed. Results: The results showed low slope positions (toe slope and foot slope) had higher contents of clay, organic carbon, available moisture, fine sand, silt, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium, CEC and microbial respiration rate and lower contents of electrical conductivity, soil erodibility, pH and SAR compared to high slope positions. Soils formed in low slope positions had higher depth and evolution compared to high slope positions. The results also showed two land uses (cropland and forest) in relation to bulk density, porosity, silt, clay, carbonate calcium equivalent, fine sand, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial respiration rate, infiltration, soil erodibility and available moisture had significant difference and land use change of forest land to cropland has been led to degradation of Mollisols. Therefore, soil properties are dependent to slope position and land use kind and these factors have affected soil properties and evolution. Conclusion: The results showed forest degradation has led to decrease of soil quality using significant decreasing of organic carbon, microbial respiration, total nitrogen, CEC, porosity, infiltration and available moisture and significant increasing of bulk density, pH, SAR, fine sand, soil erodibility, and silt. Forest degradation and land use change also due to cultivation led to decrease organic carbon content and soil structure degradation of Mollic horizon. Therefore, Mollic horizon has converted to Ochric horizon and Entisols and Inceptisols have formed in cropland land use. Moreover, the results showed different slope position effect on bulk density, sand, silt, clay, infiltration, erodibility, available water, pH, organic carbon, carbonate calcium equivalent, microbial respiration rate, nitrogen, phosphorous, CEC and potassium and have significant difference. These results show current management of studied land effect on soil quality and led to land degradation. Therefore, soil conservation of steep area using prevention of deforestation in Marivan forests and use of land based on their capability to conserve of soil and land quality is essential.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Forest soils, Marivan, Mollisols, Land use change
مراجع
1.Abu-hashim, M., Elsayed, M., and Belal, A.E. 2016. Effect of land-use changes and site variables on surface soil organic carbon pool at Mediterranean region. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 114: 78-84. 2.Ajami, M., Khormali, F., and Ayoubi, Sh. 2009. Role of deforestation and land use change on soil erodibility of loess in eastern Golestan province. Watershed Management Research (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi). 94: 36-44. (In Persian) 3.Allen, K., Corre, M.D., Kurniawan, S., Utami, S.R., and Veldkamp, E. 2016. Spatial variability surpasses land-use change effects on soil biochemical properties of converted lowland landscapes in Sumatra, Indonesia. Geoderma. 284: 42-50. 4.Anderson, E., and John, P. 1982. P 831-870. Soil respiration. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2. Amer. Soc. of Agron, Madison USA. 5.Asghari, Sh., Hashemian Soofian, S., Goli Kalanpa, E., and Mohebodini, M. 2015. Impacts of land use change on soil quality indicators in eastern Ardabil province. J. Soil Water Cons. 22: 3. 1-19. (In Persian) 6.Assefa, D., Rewald, B., Sanden, H., Rosinger, Ch., Abiyu, A., Yitaferu, B.L., and Godbold, D. 2017. Deforestation and land use strongly effect soil organic carbon and nitrogen stock in Northwest Ethiopia. Catena. 153: 89-99. 7.Blake, G.R., and Hartage, K.H. 1986. Bulk density, P 363-382. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part1: physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph. 9: ASA, Madison, WI. 8.Bonifacio, E., Zanini, E., Boero, V., and Franchini Angela, M. 1997. Pedogenesis in soil catena on serpentinite in north western Italy. Geoderma. 75: 33-51. 9.Bower, C.A., Reitemeier, R.F., and Fireman, M. 1952. Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Sci. 73: 251-262. 10.Brejda, J.J., Moorman, T.B., Karlan, D.L., and Dao, T.H. 2000. Identification of regional siol quality factors and indicators: I. Central and Southern High Plains, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64: 2115-2124. 11.Danielson, R.E., and Sutherland, P.L. 1986. Porosity, P 443-461. In: Klute, A. (Ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Agronomy Monograph, 9. 2nd edition, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. 12.Dotterweich, M. 2013. The history of human-induced soil erosion: geomorphic legacies, early descriptions and research, and the development of soil conservation-a global synopsis. Geomorphology. 201: 1-34. 13.Fujisakia, K., Perrin, A.S., Garric, B., Balesdent, J., and Brossard, M. 2017. Soil organic carbon changes after deforestation and agrosystem establishment in Amazonia: An assessment by diachronic approach. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 245: 63-73. 14.Gee, G.W., and Bauder, J.W. 1986. Particle size analysis, P 383-411. In: A. Klute. (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods, second edition. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI. 15.Hattar, B., Taimeh, A., and Ziadat, F. 2010. Variation in soil chemical properties along toposequences in an arid region of the Levant. Catena. 83: 34-45. 16.Henok, K., Dondeyne, S., Poesen, J., Frankl, A., and Nyssen, J. 2017. Transition from Forestbased to Cereal-based Agricultural Systems: A Review of the Drivers of Land use Change and Degradation in Southwest Ethiopia. Land Degrad. Dev. 28: 431-449. 17.Jayachandran, K., Gamare, J.S., Nair, P.R., Xavier, M., and Aggarwal, S.K. 2012. A novel biamperometric methodology for thorium determination by EDTA complexometric titration. Radiochim. Acta. 100: 311-314. 18.Jiang, P., and Thelen, K.D. 2004. Effect of soil and topographic properties on crop yield in a north- central corn-soybean cropping system. Agron J. 96: 252-258. 19.Jones, B.J. 2001. Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis. Boca Raton, London, New York & Washington, D.C. CRC Press. 20.Karlen, D.L., Gardner, J.C., and Rosek, M.J. 1998. A soil quality framework for evaluating the impact of CRP. J. Prod. Agric. 11: 56-60. 21.Kassa, H., Dondeyne, S., Poesen, J., Frankl, A., and Nyssen, J. 2017. Impact of deforestation on soil fertility, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks: the case of the Gacheb catchment in the White Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 247: 273-282. 22.Khaledian, Y., Kiani, F., Ebrahimi, S., and Movahedi Naeini, A. 2011. Impact of forest degradation, changing land use and building villas on some indicators of soil quality in the watershed, Golestan province. J. Soil Water Cons. 18: 3. 167-184. (In Persian) 23.Khaledian, Y., Kiani, F., Ebrahimi, S., Brevik, B.C., and Aitkenhead-Peterson, J. 2016. Assessment and monitoring of soil degradation during land use change using multivariate analysis. Land Degrad. Dev. 28: 128-141. 24.Khormali, F., Ajami, M., Ayoubi, S., Srinivasarao, Ch., and Wani, S.P. 2009. Role of deforestation and hill slope position on soil quality attributes of loess-derived soils in Golestan province, Iran. J. Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 134: 178-189. 25.Khormali, F., and Nabiollahy, K. 2009. Degradation of Mollisols in western Iran as affected by land use change. Jest. 11: 363-374. 26.Khormali, F., and Shamsi, S. 2009. Study of soil quality and micromorphology at different sloped loess land use in the eastern of Golestan province. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour. 16: 3. 14-29. (In Persian) 27.Kiani, F., Jalalian, A., Pashayee, A., and Khademi, H. 2007. The role of forest utilization, conservation and degradation of rangelands on soil quality indicators in Loss lands of Golestan province. Iran. J. Agric. Nat. Resour. Sci. 41: 453-463. (In Persian) 28.King, G.J., Acton, D.F., and Arnaud, R.J. 1983. Soil-landscape analysis in relation to soil distribution and mapping at site witan the Weyburn association. Canadian J. Soil Sci. 63: 657-670. 29.Klute, A., and Dirksen, C. 1986. Hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils (constant head), P 694-696. In: Klute, A. (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1, 2nd ed. Agronomy. Monograph 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. 30.Li, Zh., Liu, Ch., Dong, Y., Chang, X., Nie, X., Liu, L., Xiao, H., Lu, Y., and Zenga, G. 2017. Response of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks to soil erosion and land use types in the Loess hilly–gully region of China. Soil Tillage Res. 166: 1-9. 31.Maleki, S., Khormali, F., Kiani, F., and Karimi, A.R. 2013. Effect of slope position and aspect on some physical and chemical soil characteristics in a loess hillslope of Toshan area, Golestan Province, Iran. J. Soil Water Cons. 20: 3. 93-112. (In Persian) 32.McLean, E.O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement, P 199-224. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. ASA-SSSA, Madison, WI. 33.Nabiollahy, K., Khormali, F., and Ayoubi, Sh. 2006. Formation of Mollisols as affected by landscape position and depth of groundwater in Kharkeh research station, Kordestan Province. 2006. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour. 13: 20-30. (In Persian) 34.Nelson, D.W., and Sommers, L.E. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. P 539-594. In: Page, A.L., R.H., D.R., Keeney (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2- Chemical and Microbiological Properties. ASA-SSSA, Madison, WI. 35.Oliveira, D.M.S., Paustian, K., Cotrufo, M.F., Fiallos, A.R., Cerqueira, A.G., and Cerri, C.E.P. 2017. Assessing labile organic carbon in soils undergoing land use change in Brazil: A comparison of approaches. Ecol. Ind. 72: 411-419. 36.Olsen, S.R., and Sommers, L. 1982. Phosohorus, P 403-430. In: AL. Page: Methods of soil analysis, Agron. No. 9, Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties, (ed.), Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI, USA. 37.Pajand, M.J., Emami, H., and Astaraee, A. 2016. Relationship between Topography and Some Soil Properties. J. Water Soil. 29: 6. 1699-1710. (In Persian) 38.Rahimi Ashjerdi, M.R., and Ayoubi, Sh. 2013. Impacts of Land Use Change and Slope Positions on some Soil Properties and Magnetic Susceptibility in Ferydunshahr District, Isfahan Province. J. Water Soil. 27: 5. 882-895. (In Persian) 39.Ramezani, F., Jafari, S., Salavati, A., and Khalilimoghaddam, B. 2016. Study the Soil Quality Changes Indicators Using Nemoro and Integrated Quality Index Models in Some Khuzestan’s Soils. J. Water Soil. 29: 6. 1629-1639. (In Persian) 40.Ramezanpour, H., and Kalbasizadeh, F. 2013. Study the effect of slope position on soil physicochemical characteristics in broad leafed forests of Lahijan area. J. Soil Res. (Soil and Water Science). 27: 3. 388-395. (In Persian) 41.Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M.H., Ghodrat, K., Ashrafi-Saeidlou, S., Jafari, M., and Khodaverdiloo, H. 2016. Evaluation of soil quality indicators in a deforested region of Northen Zagros. J. Soil Manage. Sust. Prod. 6: 3. 83-99. (In Persian) 42.Refahi, H.Gh. 2000. Water erosion and conservation. Tehran Univerity Press, 551p. (In Persian) 43.Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Washington: United States Salinity Laboratory, 160p. 44.Salehi, M.H., Jazini, F., and Mohammadkhani, A. 2008. The Effect of Topography on Soil Properties with a Focus on Yield and Quality of Almond in the Saman Area, Shahrekord. J. Water Soil Plant Agric. 8: 2. 79-92. (In Persian) 45.Sewerniak, P., Jankowski, M., and Dąbrowski, M. 2017. Effect of topography and deforestation on regular variation of soils on inland dunes in the Torun Basin (N Poland). Catena. 149: 318-330. 46.Shirazi, M.A., and Boersma, L. 1984. A unifying quantitative analysis of soil texture. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 142-147. (In Persian) 47.Soil and water research institute. 1377. Soil moisture and temperature regimes. Agricultural research organization, Agricultural minister. 48.Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th edn. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. 49.Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Leoppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, G.T., and Summer, M.E. 1996. Methods of Soil Analysis. Soil Science Society of American Journal. Book Series No. 5. ASA and SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, WI, USA. 50.Tesfaye, M.A., Bravo, F., Ruiz-Peinado, R., Pando, V., and Bravo-Oviedo, A. 2016. Impact of changes in land use, species and elevation on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in Ethiopian central highlands. Geoderma. 261: 70-79. 51.Tsui, C.C., Chen, Z.S., and Hsieh, C.F. 2004. Relationships between soil properties and slope position in a lowland rain forest of southern Taiwan. Geoderma. 123: 131-142. 52.Wang, Zh., Hu, Y., Wang, R., Guo, Sh., Du, L., Zhao, M., and Yao, Zh. 2017. Soil organic carbon on the fragmented Chinese Loess Plateau: Combining effects of vegetation types and topographic positions. Soil Tillage Res. 174: 1-5. 53.Wang, Zh., Wang, R., Sun, Q., Du, L., Zhao, M., and Hu, Y. 2017. Soil CO2 emissions from different slope gradients and positions in thesemiarid Loess Plateau of China. Ecolo. Eng. 105: 231-239. 54.Weeb, A.A., and Dowling, A.J. 2005. Characterization of basaltic clay soils (Vertisols) from the Oxford land system in central Queensland. Aust. J. Soil Res. 28: 841-856. 55.Wei, S., Zhang, X., Mclaughlin, N.B., Liang, A., Jia, S., and Chen, X. 2014. Effectof soil temperature and soil moisture on CO2 flux from eroded landscapepositions on black soil in Northeast China. Soil Tillage Res. 144: 119-125. 56.Wischmeier, W.H., and Smith, D.D. 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conservation planning. In Agriculture Handbook 537, USA. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 58p. 57.Yaghmaeian Mahabadi, N., Khosroabadi, M., and Asadi, H. 2017. Effect of Forest Clearing and Topography on Some Soil Physicochemical Properties Effective on Soil Quality in Saravan Region, Guilan. J. Soil Res. (Soil and Water Science). 31: 2. 277-291. (In Persian) 58.Zareian, Gh. 2003. Soil genesis, classification and Land suitability evaluation in darnegon, Shiraz province. 8th soil science congress, Iran, Pp: 200-201. 59.Zhu, H., Wu, J., Guo, Sh., Huang, D., Zhu, Q., Ge, T., and Lei, T. 2014. Land use and topographic position control soil organic C and N accumulation in eroded hilly watershed of the Loess Plateau. Catena. 120: 64-72.
ابتدای صفحه