کاربرد اسیدهای آلی و معدنی بر آزادسازی عناصر غذایی در خاکهای آهکی
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم خاک دانشگاه زنجان
2 استادیار گروه علوم خاک دانشگاه زنجان
3 استادیار گروه کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور
4 دانشجوی دکتری اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
چکیده
سابقه و هدف: تاثیر کاربرد اسیدهای آلی و معدنی در خاکهای آهکی ایران به طور کامل بررسی نشده است. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر کاربرد اسیدهای آلی استیک، سیتریک و اگزالیک اسید و اسیدهای معدنی سولفوریک و فسفریک بر مقدار pH و EC خاک و همچنین رهاسازی عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز گیاهان در محلول خاک می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: برای بررسی رهاسازی عناصر غذایی توسط اسیدهای آلی و معدنی از دو نمونه خاک آهکی با بافت لومی استفاده شد. عصاره‌گیری از خاک‌ها با محلول‌های اسیدهای سیتریک، اگزالیک، استیک، سولفوریک و فسفریک با غلظت‌های 1، 5 و 10 میلی‌مولار (25 میلی لیتر محلول و 10 گرم خاک) و آب مقطر به عنوان شاهد به مدت یک ساعت انجام شد. مقدار pH و قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی محلول‌ها بلافاصله پس از عصاره‌گیری اندازه‌گیری شد. غلظت نیترات، آمونیوم، فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم، منیزیم، آهن، روی، مس و منگنز در عصاره اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: به‌طور کلی با کاربرد اسیدها مقدار pH محلول خاک پس از گذشت یک ساعت بین 03/0 تا 66/1 واحد کاهش نشان داد.. تیمار اسید فسفریک با غلظت 10 میلی‌مولار در هر دو نمونه خاک بیشترین کاهش pH را نشان داد. تیمارهای مختلف اسیدهای آلی و معدنی بر مقدار فسفر؛ پتاسیم، کلسیم، منیزیم، نیترات، آمونیوم و عناصر کم مصرف استخراج شده از خاک‌ها تاثیر مثبت معنی‌دار داشت. بیشترین غلظت فسفر(بجز عصاره‌گیر اسید فسفریک)، کلسیم، منیزیم و آمونیوم استخراج شده به ترتیب با مقادیر 23/4، 2797،1078 و 2/67 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک و همچنین بیشترین روی و مس استخراج شده با مقادیر 61 و 74 میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم خاک در تیمار اسید استیک 10 میلی‌مولار در خاک 2 دیده شد. بیشترین مقدار پتاسیم و نیترات آزاد شده به ترتیب با مقادیر 673، 247 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک از تیمار 10 میلی‌مولار اسید فسفریک در خاک 2 به دست آمد. بیشترین مقدار آهن و منگنز استخراج شده نیز به ترتیب با مقادیر 5420 و 10320 میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم خاک در تیمار اسید سیتریک 10 میلی‌مولار در خاک 2 دیده شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که کاربرد اسیدهای آلی و معدنی در خاک بسته به نوع اسید باعث رهاسازی برخی عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز گیاهان در زمان کوتاهی (یک ساعت) در محلول خاک می‌شود. همچنین از بین اسیدهای به کار رفته اسید فسفریک بیشترین تاثیر را در کاهش مقدار پی اچ خاک داشت.
نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که کاربرد اسیدهای آلی و معدنی در خاک بسته به نوع اسید باعث رهاسازی برخی عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز گیاهان در زمان کوتاهی (یک ساعت) در محلول خاک می‌شود. همچنین از بین اسیدهای به کار رفته اسید فسفریک بیشترین تاثیر را در کاهش مقدار پی اچ خاک داشت.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Effect of organic and inorganic acids on the release of nutrients in calcareous soils
نویسندگان [English]
- Akbar Hassani 2
- Mehdi Nourzadeh Haddad 3
چکیده [English]
Background and objectives: Effect of organic and inorganic acids in calcareous soils of Iran has not been properly investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic acids of acetic, citric and oxalic acid and mineral acids of sulfuric and phosphoric acid on the soil pH and EC and release of essential nutrients in soil solution.
Materials and methods: To investigate for releasing nutrient by organic and inorganic acids, the two calcareous loamy soil samples were used. Extraction of soil with solutions of citric, acetic, oxalic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid in concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mM (25 ml of solution and 10 grams of soil) and deionized water as control for 1 hours was done. The pH value and electrical conductivity of solutions were measured immediately after extraction. Concentrations of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, nitrate, iron, zinc, copper and manganese was measured in the obtained extract.
Results: In general, the pH value of the soil extractions decreased after one hour between 0.03 to 1.66 unit. The pH reduction was almost the same in both soils. The pH value was reduced with increasing acid concentration. Phosphoric acid treatment with 10 mM concentration in both soil samples showed the greatest decrease in pH. Various concentrations of organic and inorganic acids had a significant positive effect on released phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, ammonium and micronutrients. The highest released P, Ca, Mg and ammonium with amount of 4.23, 1078, 2797 and 67.2 mg per kg of soil respectively and also the highest amount of Zn and Cu with amount of 61 and 74 µg per kg of soil was seen in 10 mM concentration of acetic acid in soil 2. The highest released K and nitrate with amount of 673 and 247 mg per kg of soil respectively was seen in 10 mM concentration of phosphoric acid in soil 2. The highest released Fe and Mn with amount of 5420 and 10320 µg per kg of soil respectively was seen in 10 mM concentration of citric acid in soil 2.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the use of organic and inorganic acids in the soil, depend on acid type caused the release of essential nutrients in short time (1 hour) in the soil solution. Also phosphoric acid has the greatest effect on soil pH reduction.
The results of this study showed that the use of organic and inorganic acids in the soil, depend on acid type caused the release of essential nutrients in short time (1 hour) in the soil solution. Also phosphoric acid has the greatest effect on soil pH reduction.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- acetic acid
- citric acid
- oxalic acid
- phosphoric acid
- sulfuric acid
in soils: A review. South Afric. J. Bot. 108: 393-406.
2.Akhtar, M., Yaqub, M., Naeem, A., Ashraf, M., and Hernandez, V.E. 2016. Improving
phosphorus uptake and wheat productivity by phosphoric acid application in alkaline
calcareous soils. J. Sci. Food Agric. 96: 3701-3707.
3.Bertrand, I., McLaughlin, M.J., Holloway, R.E., Armstrong, R.D., and McBeath, T. 2006.
Changes in P bioavailability induced by the application of liquid and powder sources of P, N
and Zn fertilizers in alkaline soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 74: 1. 27-40.
4.Barrow, N.J. 2017. The effects of pH on phosphate uptake from the soil. Plant and Soil.
410: 1-2. 401-410.
5.Chatterjee, D., Datta, S.C., and Manjaiah, K.M. 2016. Citric acid induced potassium and
silicon release in alfisols, vertisols and inceptisols of India. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences. 86: 2. 429-439.
6.Chatterjee, D., Datta, S.C., and Manjaiah, K.M. 2015. Effect of citric acid treatment on release
of phosphorus, aluminum and iron from three dissimilar soils of India. Archives of
Agronomy and Soil Science. 61: 105-117.
7.Chiang, K., Wang, Y., Wang, M., and Chiang, P. 2006. Low molecular weight organic acids
and metal speciation in rhizosphere and bulk soils of a temperate rain forest in Chitou,
Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 21: 3. 327-337.
8.Dessureault-Rompre, J., Nowack, B., Schulin, R., Tercier-Weber, M.L., and Luster, J. 2008.
Metal solubility and speciation in the rhizosphere of Lupinus albus cluster roots.
Environmental Science and Technology. 42: 7146-7151.
9.Eilers, K.G., Lauber, C.L., Knight, R., and Fierer, N. 2010. Shifts in bacterial community
structure associated with inputs of low molecular weight carbon compounds to soil.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42: 6. 896-903.
10.Elrahman, S.H.A., Mostafa, M.A.M., Taha, T.A., Elsharawy, M.A.O., and Eid, M.A. 2012.
Effect of different amendments on soil chemical characteristics, grain yield and elemental
content of wheat plants grown on salt-affected soil irrigated with low quality water. Annals
of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 2. 175-182.
11.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1973. FAO Soils Bulletin
21. Calcareous Soils. FAO, Rome.
12.Fu, M. 1989. Effect of pH and organic acids on nitrogen transformations and metal
dissolution in soils. Ph.D. dissertation of soil science. Iowa State University.
13.Gerke, J. 1994. Kinetics of soil phosphate desorption as affected by citric acid. Zeitschrift fur
Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde. 157: 17-22.
14.Gerke, J., Beißner, L., and Romer, W. 2000. The quantitative effect of chemical phosphate
mobilization by carboxylate anions on P uptake by a single root. I. The basic concept and
determination of soil parameters. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 163: 207-212.
15.Hashmi, Z.U.H., Khan, M.J., Akhtar, M., Sarwar, T., and Khan, M.J. 2017 .Enhancing
phosphorus uptake and yield of wheat with phosphoric acid application in calcareous soil.
J. Sci. Food Agric. 97: 1733-1739.
16.Jones, D.L. 1998. Organic acids in the rhizosphere – a critical review. Plant Soil. 205: 25-44.
17.Karimi, H.R., Tafazolli Bandari, A., and Karimian, N. 2002. The effects of iron and sulfuric
acid on some growth characteristics and yield of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch) in
calcareous soils, short article. Iran. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 3: 1-2. 28-39. (In Persian)
18.Khademi, Z. 2006. Organic acids behavior in calcareous soils. PhD. dissertation of soil
science. School of agriculture and forest sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd.
19.Khademi, Z., Jones, D.L., Malakouti, M.J., Asadi, F., and Ardebili, M. 2009. Organic
acid mediated nutrient extraction efficiency in three calcareous soils. Austr. J. Soil Res.
47: 213-220.
20.Khorsandi, F. 1994. Sulfuric acid effects on iron and phosphorus availability in two
calcareous soils. J. Plant Nutr. 17: 9. 1611-1623.
21.Mahmoodabadi, M., Yazdanpanah, N., Sinobas, L.R., Pazira, E., and Neshat, A. 2013.
Reclamation of calcareous saline sodic soil with different amendments (I): Redistribution of
soluble cations within the soil profile. Agricultural Water Management. 120: 30-38.
22.Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, London.
23.Mikkelsen, R.L., and Jarrell, W.M. 1987. Application of urea phosphate and urea sulfate to
drip-rrigated tomatoes grown in calcareous soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 51: 2. 464-468.
24.Miyamoto, S., Ryan, J., and Stroehlein, J.L. 1975. Potentially beneficial uses of sulfuric acid
in southwestern agriculture. J. Environ. Qual. 4: 4. 431-437.
25.Naeem, A., Akhtar, M., and Ahmad, W. 2013. Optimizing available phosphorus in
calcareous soils fertilized with diammonium phosphate and phosphoric acid using
Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Sci. World J. 2013: 1-5.
26.Nezami, S., and Malakouti, M.J. 2016. The Role of Organic Acids on the Release of
Phosphorus and Zinc in a Calcareous Soil. J. Water Soil. 30: 3. 805-816. (In Persian)
27.Osorio, D., and Mix, K. 2015. Effects of Organic Acids Application on Olsen-extractable P
and Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Yield. Inter. J. Plant Soil Sci. 10: 3. 1-12.
28.Oxtoby, D.W., Gillis, H.P., and Butler, L.J. 2015. Principles of modern chemistry. Cengage
Learning.
29.Palomo, L., Claassen, N., and Jones, D.L. 2006. Differential mobilization of P in the
maize rhizosphere by citric acid and potassium citrate. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.
38: 4. 683-692.
30.Pansu, M., and Gautheyrou, J. 2007. Handbook of soil analysis: mineralogical, organic and
inorganic methods. Springer Science & Business Media.
31.Rukshana, F., Butterly, C.R., Xu, J.M., Baldock, J.A., and Tang, C. 2014. Organic anion-toacid ratio influences pH change of soils differing in initial pH. J. Soil Sed. 14: 2. 407-414.
32.Rukshana, F., Butterly, C.R., Baldock, J.A., and Tang, C. 2011. Model organic compounds
differ in their effects on pH changes of two soils differing in initial pH. Biology and Fertility
of Soils. 47: 1. 51-62.
33.Ryan, J., Miyamoto, S., and Stroehlein, J.L. 1974. Solubility of manganese, iron and zinc as
affected by application of sulfuric acid to calcareous soils. Plant and Soil. 40: 2. 421-427.
34.Ryan, J., and Stroehlein, J.L. 1979. Sulfuric acid treatment of calcareous soils: Effects on
phosphorus solubility. Inorganic phosphorus forms and plant growth. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.
43: 4. 731-735.
35.Sadiq, M., Hassan, G., Mehdi, S., Hussain, N., and Jamil, M. 2007. Amelioration of salinesodic soils with tillage implements and sulfuric acid application. Pedosphere. 17: 182-190.
36.Shi, S., Richardson, A.E., O'Callaghan, M., DeAngelis, K.M., Jones, E.E., Stewart, A.,
Firestone, M.K., and Condron, L.M. 2011. Effects of selected root exudate components on
soil bacterial communities. FEMS microbiology ecology. 77: 3. 600-610.
37.Shu-Xin, T.U., Zhi-Fen, G.U.O., and Jin-He, S.U.N. 2007. Effect of oxalic acid on
potassium release from typical Chinese soils and minerals. Pedosphere. 17: 4. 457-466.
38.Simard, R.R., Zizka, J., and De Kimpe, C.R. 1992. Release of potassium and magnesium
from soil fractions and its kinetics. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 56: 5. 1421-1428.
39.Song, S.K., and Huang, P.M. 1988. Dynamics of potassium release from potassium-bearing
minerals as influenced by oxalic and citric acids. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 52: 2. 383-390.
40.Strom, L. 1997. Root exudation of organic acids: importance to nutrient availability and the
calcifuge and calcicole behavior of plants. Oikos. 80: 459-466.
41.Ström, L., Owen, A.G., Godbold, D.L., and Jones, D.L. 2005. Organic acid behavior
in a calcareous soil implications for rhizosphere nutrient cycling. Soil Biology and
Biochemistry. 37: 11. 2046-2054.
42.Taghdis, S., Mehrizi, M.H., and Jalali, V. 2016. Effect of Oxalic and Citric Acids on Zinc
Release Kinetic in two Calcareous Soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant
Analysis. 47: 22. 2479-2489.
43.Van Hees, P.A., Jones, D.L., Finlay, R., Godbold, D.L., and Lundström, U.S. 2005. The
carbon we do not see-the impact of low molecular weight compounds on carbon dynamics
and respiration in forest soils: a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 37: 1. 1-13.
44.Wang, Y., He, Y., Zhang, H., Schroder, J., Li, C., and Zhou, D. 2008. Phosphate
mobilization by citric, tartaric and oxalic acids in a clay loam Ultisol. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.
72: 5. 1263-1268.
45.Yan, F., Schubert, S., and Mengel, K. 1996. Soil pH increase due to biological
decarboxylation of organic anions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 28: 4. 617-624.
46.Yong-Liang, C., Yu-Qiang, G., Shi-Jie, H., Chung-Jing, Z., Yu-Mei, Z., and Guo-Ling, C.
2002. Effect of root organic acids on the activation of nutrients in the rhizosphere soil.
J. Forest. Res. 13: 2. 115-118.
47.Zhi-An, L., Bi, Z., Hang-Ping, X., Yong-Zhen, D., Wan-Neng, T., and Sheng-Lei, F. 2008.
Role of low- molecular weight organic acid and their salt in regulating soil pH. Pedosphere.
18: 2. 137-148.
)