تأثیرنوع و مدیریت های مختلف خاکپوش جو و یونجه بر رفتار رطوبتی و تهویه ای خاک در شرایط مزرعه ای

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان.

2 گروه مهندسی خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

3 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کشور ایران به دلیل کمبود ریزش‌های جوی در زمره کشورهای خشک و نیمه خشک جهان محسوب می‌شود. در این راستا، به کارگیری مدیریت‌های مناسب بقایای گیاهی یکی از روش‌ها مهمی است که اثرات مثبتی بر میزان ماده آلی و در نتیجه بر نگهداری آب در خاک دارد. از همین روست که در بسیاری از خاک‌های مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک، ماده آلی بهترین ماده اصلاحی برای افزایش ظرفیت نگهداری آب در خاک و بهبود ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک می‌باشد (23 و 40). بقایای گیاهی از طریق افزایش ذخیره کربن آلی خاک، کاهش تولید رواناب و کاهش تبخیر از سطح خاک، میزان رطوبت خاک را افزایش می‌دهد (9 و 25). استفاده از خاکپوش گیاهی یکی از روش‌های متداول برای بهبود ویژگی‌های خاک است. این در حالی است که در برخی مناطق، کشاورزان اقدام به خارج نمودن بقایا از مزرعه و یا سوزاندن آنها می‌کنند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر نوع و مدیریت‌های مختلف خاکپوش گیاهی بر وضعیت رطوبتی و تهویه‌ای خاک در شرایط مزرعه‌ای انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش در شرایط مزرعه‌ای به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کاملاً تصادفی در سال زراعی 91-90 اجرا گردید. فاکتور اول نوع خاکپوش شامل کاه و کلش جو و یونجه و فاکتور دوم مدیریت خاکپوش شامل 1) مخلوط یک درصد وزنی خاکپوش با خاک، 2) مخلوط نیم درصد وزنی خاکپوش با خاک، 3) استفاده از خاکپوش در سطح به نسبت یک درصد وزنی، 4) سوزاندن خاکپوش به نسبت یک درصد وزنی و 5) شاهد (بدون خاکپوش) بود. هر تیمار در سه تکرار انجام شد. پس از اعمال تیمارهای یادشده و بعد از گذشت نه ماه، رطوبت نمونه‌های خاک در مکش‌های مختلف شامل صفر، 30، 50، 100، 500، 1000 و 1500 کیلو پاسکال اندازه‌گیری شد. همچنین میزان رطوبت قابل دسترس و تخلخل تهویه‌ای محاسبه گردید.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بطور کلی در بین تیمارهای مورد مطالعه، مخلوط یک درصد و نیم درصد خاکپوش و همچنین استفاده از خاکپوش در سطح خاک باعث افزایش و در مقابل، سوزاندن باعث کاهش میزان رطوبت خاک نسبت به شاهد شد. بیشترین میزان افزایش رطوبت در نقطه پژمردگی دائم (70 درصد) و همچنین رطوبت قابل استفاده (5/12 درصد) نسبت به شاهد، در تیمار مخلوط یک درصد کاه و کلش جو مشاهده شد. در مقابل، تیمار سوزاندن کاه و کلش جو باعث بیشترین میزان کاهش (5/34 درصد) رطوبت در نقطه پژمردگی نسبت به شاهد شد. تیمار کاربرد سطحی خاکپوش نیز بیشترین میزان تخلخل تهویه‌ای (48 درصد نسبت به شاهد) را به دنبال داشت.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های این پژوهش، کارایی مطلوب روش‌های مخلوط کردن و کاربرد سطحی خاکپوش در بهبود رفتار رطوبتی و تهویه‌ای خاک را نشان می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of different management practices of barely straw and alfalfa residue on soil moisture content and aeration behavior under field conditions

نویسنده [English]

  • Hormozd Naghavi 3
1
2
3
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Iran as an arid and semiarid country has been faced with low precipitation and water shortage. In this regard, the application of suitable management practices using plant residues is one of the most important strategies resulting in the improvement of organic matter content as well as water retention of soils. Therefore, in many soils of arid and semiarid regions, organic matter is as the best amendment to increase water content and improve physical properties of the soil (23, 40). Plant residue can increase soil moisture content through the improvement of soil organic carbon content and the reduction of runoff and evaporation (9, 25). Application of plant residue is one of the common methods for improving soil properties. However in some areas, plant residues are removed from the filed or burned by the farmers. This study was performed to investigate the effect of different types of plant residues and their management on soil moisture content as well as aeration properties under field conditions.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted under field conditions as factorial statistical design based on RCBD consisting three replicates. The first factor was residue type including barely straw and alfalfa residue and the second factor was different managements of the residues including 1) incorporating one percent of the plant residues with the soil, 2) incorporating 0.5 percent of the plant residues with the soil, 3) surface retention‌‌ of plant‌ residues, 4) burning of plant residues and 5) control. After nine months, the final soil moisture content at seven suctions including 0, 30, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 1500 kPa was measured. In addition, the available water content and aeration porosity were calculated.
Results: The result showed that among the experimental treatments, the incorporation and also surface retention‌‌ of plant‌ residues increased soil moisture compared to control, whereas, burning the plant residues reduced the moisture content. In comparison to the control, the incorporation of one percent barely straw to the soil led to the highest increases in the moisture content at PWP (70%) and the available water (12.5%). Reversely, burning of barely straw showed the highest reduction in the moisture content at PWP (34.5%) compared to control. In addition, the surface retention‌‌ of plant‌ residues resulted in the highest increase (48%) in aeration porosity compared to control.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed the favorite efficiency of incorporating and surface application of organic sources in improving soil moisture and aeration porosity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Barely straw
  • Alfalfa
  • Burning
  • soil moisture
  • Aeration porosity
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