Wheat grain yield and soil water content as affected by row spacing and plough directions in a dry-farming land

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

Abstract

Background and objectives: Water retention in the soil and increasing soil water content in the rhizosphere is the first way to enhance crop yield particularly in the dry-farming lands. Agricultural practices along with intrinsic land characteristics (topography, soil, etc.) can affect the water retention in the soil and in consequence crop production. Most of these lands in Iran are located in semi-arid regions and are usually ploughed along the slope which accelerates the water runoff, hence increasing soil erosion. The change of plough direction from slope direction to contour line is the first strategy for water retention in the soil. However, there is no possible for the changing plough direction due some limitations in the farm and restriction on the movement of cultivation machines. The choice of proper row spacing is important in the dry-farming lands ploughed in the slope direction for water conservation as well as crop production. Therefore this study was carried out to investigate the effect of two common row spacing in two plough directions on the water retention and wheat grain yield in a dry-farming land in semi-arid region.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a dry-farming land with 10% slope steepness in Zanjan during winter wheat growth period from October 2015 to June 2016. A total of 12 plots (1.5 m × 5 m) were installed to study the effect of two row spacing (20 cm and 25cm) in two plough directions (up to down slope and on the contour line) on the soil water content (SWC) and wheat grain yield (WGY). Soil properties were determined using the common methods in the lab. SWC was determined by a Time- Domain Reflectometry (TDR) interval during the growth period. Seasonal variation of SWC for different treatments were determined during the growth period. WGY for different row spacing and plough directions was related to SWC. Wheat plants were harvested from all plot surfaces to determine WGY early June.

Results: Results indicated that both SWC and WGY were significantly affected by plough direction (P< 0.001, P<0.01, respectively) and row spacing (P< 0.001, P<0.05, respectively). About 16% increase in SWC was observed for the contour ploughed plots as compared with the up-down ploughed plots, on average. Mean SWC during the growth period for the plots cultivated in 25 cm row spacing (14.4%) was about 11% bigger than the plots with 20 cm row spacing. In all seasons, SWC in the plots ploughed on the contour line and cultivated with 25 cm row spacing was bigger than the plots ploughed up to down slope and cultivated with 20 cm row spacing. Spring showed the highest difference in SWC between both two plough directions (2.57%) and two row spacing cultivations (1.6%). WGY values for the contour line ploughed plots (1330 Kg ha-1) and 25 cm row spacing cultivated plots (1200Kg ha-1) increased about 40% and 11% as compared with the plots ploughed up to down slope and cultivated with 20 cm row spacing. Significant relationships were found between WGY and SWC for the two plough directions and the two row spacing cultivations.
Conclusion: The study revealed the plough direction in the first order and the row spacing in the second order are the major factor controlling SWC as well as WGY in the dry-farming lands. Application 25 cm row spacing with contour line plough is the best cultivation method for increasing water retention and achieving higher WGY. The importance of these two cultivation methods is obvious in spring when rainfalls are intensive and frequent.

Keywords

References

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Journal of Water and Soil Conservation
Volume 24, Issue 5
December 2017
Pages 211-226

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