Investigating the possibility the Use of Treated Wastewater in phytoremediation of diesel contaminated soil

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Water Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

2 Ph.D. Student of Irrigation and Drainage, Dept. of Water Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

3 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Agriculture, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: Phytoremediation is one of the most efficient and cost-effective biological methods for removing contaminants, including petroleum products, from the soil. Understanding the mechanisms of phytoremediation and examining the parameters involved in the phytoremediation process leads to better management and increase the efficiency of this method. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of factors such as diesel concentration, type of irrigation water and type of plant on phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil, using Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea).
Materials and methods: A two-year pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the phytoremediation during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments of this experiment were diesel contaminated soil at two levels of 1.5 and 3% and irrigation water at two levels of freshwater and wastewater (treated municipal wastewater). Drainage water, soil and plants were sampled three months after planting and the amount of diesel in the samples was measured using the gravimetric method. Based on the initial concentration of diesel in the soil, the participation of different factors in diesel removal was determined and compared with each other.
Results: The results showed that the Tall fescue plant reduced the amount of diesel in the soil by a maximum of 62.4 % and a minimum of 47.9 % and the amount of removal diesel in phytoremediation by Grass pea was achieved with a maximum of 63.0 % and a minimum of 44.2 %. Among the diesel removal mechanisms, Phytoextraction mechanism had the lowest participation (2-12%) and Phytodegradation-Rhizodegradation mechanisms had the highest participation (71-84%). The amount of diesel in drainage water was 11-21%. All of D3% treatments were significantly different with D1.5% treatments only in the amount of diesel in drainage water in Tall fescue-2018 experiment and the amount of Phytoextraction in Tall fescue-2019 experiment. In other experiments, no significant difference was observed between the two levels of diesel. Evaluation of the effect of irrigation water quality on diesel removal mechanisms showed that the amount of diesel in drainage in the D1.5%-wastewater-Tall fescue-2019 treatment was significantly less than other treatments. Phytoextraction had the highest value in the D1.5%-freshwater-Grass pea-2019 treatment and the lowest value in the D3%-wastewater-Grass pea-2019 treatment, no significant difference was observed between the two types of irrigation water in other experiments. In the Phytodegradation-Rhizodegradation mechanisms, only D1.5%-freshwater-Tall fescue-2018 treatment was significantly different from other treatments.
Conclusion: The results showed that changes in factors such as plant species, diesel concentration and type of irrigation water can have a significant effect on diesel removal, but the degree of effectiveness of each factor is different depending on the diesel concentration, the treatment degree of irrigation water, and the resistance of plants and soil microorganisms against diesel toxicity.

Keywords


1.Varjani, S.J. 2017. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Bioresour. Technol. 223: 277-286.
2.Naeem, U., and Qazi, M.A. 2020. Leading edges in bioremediation technologies for removal of petroleum hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27: 22. 27370-27382.
3.Hussain, I., Puschenreiter, M., Gerhard, S., Schöftner, P., Yousaf, S., Wang, A., Syed, J.H., and Reichenauer, T.G. 2018. Rhizoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon- contaminated soils: improvement opportunities and field applications. Environ. Exp. Bot. 147: 202-219.
4.O’Brien, P.L., DeSutter, T.M., Casey, F.X., Wick, A.F., and Khan, E. 2017. Evaluation of soil function following remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons-a review of current remediation techniques. Current Pollution Reports. 3: 3. 192-205.
5.Kluk, D., and Steliga, T. 2016. Evaluation of toxicity changes in soil contaminated with nickel and petroleum-derived substances in phytoremediation processes. Nafta-Gaz. 4: 230-241.
6.Mench, M., Lepp, N., Bert, V., Schwitzguébel, J.P., Gawronski, S.W., Schröder, P., and Vangronsveld, J. 2010. Successes and limitations of phytotechnologies at field scale: outcomes, assessment and outlook from COST Action 859. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 10: 6. 1039-1070.
7.Martins, C.D.C., Liduino, V.S., Oliveira, F.J.S., and Sérvulo, E.F.C. 2014. Phytoremediation of soil multi-contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals using sunflowers. Int. J. Eng. Tech. IJET-IJENS. 5:14. 1-6.
8.Xie, W., Zhang, Y., Li, R., Yang, H., Wu, T., Zhao, L., and Lu, Z. 2017. The responses of two native plant species to soil petroleum contamination in the Yellow River Delta. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. 24: 31. 24438-24446.
9.Liu, R., Jadeja, RN., Zhou, Q., and Liu, Z. 2012. Treatment and remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils using selective ornamental plants. Environmental Engineering Science. 29: 6. 494-501.
10.Bento, R.A., Saggin-Júnior, O.J., Pitard, R.M., Straliotto, R., da Silva, E.M.R., Tavares, S.R.D.L., and Volpon, A.G.T. 2012. Selection of leguminous trees associated with symbiont microorganisms for phytoremediation of petroleum- ontaminated soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 223: 9. 5659-5671.
11.Hawrot-Paw, M., Ratomski, P., Mikiciuk, M., Staniewski, J.,Koniuszy, A., Ptak, P., and Golimowski, W. 2019. Pea cultivar Blauwschokker for the phytostimulation of biodiesel degradation in agricultural soil. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. 26: 33. 34594-34602.
12.Borowik, A., Wyszkowska, J., Gałązka, A., and Kucharski, J. 2019. Role of Festuca rubra and Festuca arundinacea in determinig the functional and genetic diversity of microorganisms and of the enzymatic activity in the soil polluted with diesel oil. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res. 26: 27. 27738-27751.
13.Guo, M., Gong, Z., Miao, R., Jia, C., Rookes, J., Cahill, D., and Zhuang, J. 2018. Enhanced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation in rhizosphere soil planted with tall fescue: bacterial community and functional gene expression mechanisms. Chemosphere 212: 15-23.
14.Lee, Y.Y., Seo, Y., Ha, M., Lee, J., Yang, H., and Cho, K.S. 2021. Evaluation of rhizoremediation and methane emission in diesel-contaminated soil cultivated with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Environmental Research. 194: 110606.
15.Wei, Y., Wang, Y., Duan M., Han, J., and Li, G. 2019. Growth tolerance and remediation potential of six plants in
oil-polluted soil. J. Soils Sediments. 19: 3773-3785.
16.Shan, B.Q., Zhang, Y.T., Cao, Q.L., Kang, Z.Y., and Li, S.Y. 2014. Growth responses of six leguminous plants adaptable in Northern Shaanxi to petroleum contaminated soil. Huan jing ke xue = Huanjing kexue. 35: 3. 1125-1130.
17.Khashij, S., Karimi, B., and Makhdoumi, P. 2018. Phytoremediation with Festuca arundinacea: a mini review. International Journal of Health and Life Sciences. 4: 2. e86625.
18.Ganjegunte, G., Ulery, A., Niu, G., and Wu, Y. 2018. Treated urban wastewater irrigation effects on bioenergy sorghum biomass, quality, and soil salinity in an arid environment. L. Degrad. Dev. 29: 3. 534-542.
19.Bremner, J.M. 1982. Total nitrogen. Methods of soil analysis. Am. Soc. Agron. Mongrn. 10: 2. 594-624.
20.Olsen, S.R. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (No. 939). US Department of Agriculture.
21.Richards, L.A. (Ed.). 2012. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Scientific Publishers.
22.Robertson, G.P., Coleman, D.C., Sollins, P., and Bledsoe, C.S. (Eds.). 1999. Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press on Demand.
23.Walkley, A., and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science. 37: 1. 29-38.
24.Ayers, R.S., and Westcot, D.W. 1985. Water quality for agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29. Rev. 1. FAO, Rome.
25.Alizadeh, A. 2018. Soil, water, plant relationship. Emam Reza University Publication, Mashhad, Iran. 470p. (In Persian)
26.Anyasi, R.O., and Atagana, H.I. 2018. Profiling of plants at petroleum contaminated site for phytoremediation. International journal of phytoremediation. 20: 4. 352-361.
27.Adeniji, A.O., Okoh, O.O., and Okoh, A.I. 2017. Analytical methods for the determination of the distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the water and sediment of aquatic systems: A review. Journal of Chemistry. 2017: 1-14.
28.Matthew, M. 2009. A comparison study of gravimetric and ultraviolet fluorescence methods for the analysis of total petroleum hydro-carbons in surface water. (Doctoral dissertation, Northeastern University).
29.Ololade, I., Lajide, L., and Amoo, I. 2009. Spatial trends of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediments. Open Chemistry. 7: 1. 83-89.
30.Kamath, R., Rentz, J.A., Schnoor, J.L., and Alvarez, P.J.J. 2004. Phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils: principles and applications. Studies in surface science and catalysis. 151: 447-478.
31.Asghar, H.N., Rafique, H.M., Zahir, Z.A., Khan, M.Y., Akhtar, M.J., Naveed, M., and Saleem, M. 2016. Petroleum hydrocarbons-contaminated soils: remediation approaches. Soil science: agricultural and environmental prospective. Springer. Cham. pp. 105-129.
32.Steliga, T., and Kluk, D. 2020. Application of Festuca arundinacea in phytoremediation of soils contaminated with Pb, Ni, Cd and petroleum hydrocarbons. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 194: 110409.
33.Lorestni, B., Noori, R., and Kolahchi, N. 2016. Bioremediation of soil contaminated with light crude oil using Fabaceae family. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 18: 2. 101-108. (In Persian)
34.Jiang, M., Liu, S., Li, Y., Li, X., Luo, Z., Song, H., and Chen, Q. 2019. EDTA-facilitated toxic tolerance, absorption and translocation and phytoremediation of lead by dwarf bamboos. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 170: 502-512.
35.Liu, W., Hou, J., Wang, Q., Yang, H., Luo, Y., and Christie, P. 2015. Collection and analysis of root exudates of Festuca arundinacea L. and their role in facilitating the phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. Plant and Soil. 389: 1. 109-119.
36.Jamrah, A., Al-Futaisi, A., Hassan, H. and Al-Oraimi, S. 2007. Petroleum contaminated soil in Oman: Evaluation of bioremediation treatment and potential for reuse in hot asphalt mix concrete. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 124: 1. 331-341
37.Huang, L., Chen, D., Zhang, H., Song, Y., Chen, H., and Tang, M. 2019. Funneliformis mosseae enhances root development and Pb phytostabilization in Robinia pseudoacacia in Pb-contaminated soil. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2591.
38.Mendoza, R.E. 1998. Hydrocarbon leaching, microbial population, and plant growth in soil amended with petroleum. Bioremediation Journal. 1: 3. 223-231.
39.Shahriari, M., Savaghebi Firouzabadi, G., Minaei Tehrani, D., and Padidaran, M. 2006. The effect of mixed plants alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) and fescue (Festuca Arundinacea) on the phytoremediation of light crude oil in soil. Environmental sciences. 4: 13. 33-40. (In Persian)
40.Haritash, A.K., and Kaushik, C.P. 2009. Biodegradation aspects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review. Journal of hazardous materials. 169: 1-3. 1-15.
41.Kayikcioglu, H.H. 2012. Short-term effects of irrigation with treated domestic wastewater on microbiological activity of a Vertic xerofluvent soil under Mediterranean conditions. Journal of environmental management. 102: 108-114.
42.Ahmad, A. 2021. Phytoremediation of heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon and nutrients enhancement of Typha latifolia in petroleum secondary effluent for biomass growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. pp. 1-10.
43.Ahmad, A., Sreedhar Reddy, S., and Rumana, G. 2019. Model for bioavailability and metal reduction from soil amended with petroleum wastewater by rye-grass L. International journal of phytoremediation. 21: 5. 471-478.
44.Kvesitadze, G., Khatisashvili, G., Sadunishvili, T., and Ramsden, J.J. 2006. Biochemical mechanisms of detoxification in higher plants: basis of phytoremediation. Springer Science & Business Media.
45.Prematuri, R., Mardatin, N.F., Irdiastuti, R., Turjaman, M., Wagatsuma, T. and Tawaraya, K. 2020. Petroleum hydrocarbons degradation in contaminated soil using the plants of the Aster family. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27: 4. 4460-4467.
46.Lim, M.W., Von Lau, E., and Poh, P.E. 2016. A comprehensive guide of remediation technologies for oil contaminated soil-Present works and future directions. Marine pollution bulletin. 109: 1. 14-45.
47.Van Hecke, M.M., Treonis, A.M., and Kaufman, J.R. 2005. How does the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum affect tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) rhizodeposition and soil microorganisms?. Plant and soil. 275: 1. 101-109.
48.Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Liu, X., Hu, X., Liang, X., and Hu, Y. 2013. Degradation of diesel pollutants in Huangpu-Yangtze River estuary wetland using plant-microbe systems. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 76: 71-75.
49.Newman, L.A., and Reynolds, C.M. 2004. Phytodegradation of organic compounds. Current opinion in Biotechnology. 15: 3. 225-230.
50.Mougin, C. 2002. Bioremediation and phytoremediation of industrial PAH-polluted soils. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 22: 5. 1011-1043.
51.Eze, M.O., and George, S.C. 2020. Ethanol-blended petroleum fuels: implications of co-solvency for phytotechnologies. RSC Advances, 10: 11. 6473-6481.
52.Merkl, N., Schultze-Kraft, R., and Arias, M. 2005. Influence of fertilizer levels on phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated soils with the tropical pasture grass Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex a. rich.) stapf. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 7: 3. 217-230.
53.McIntosh, P., Schulthess, C.P., Kuzovkina, Y.A., and Guillard, K. 2017. Bioremediation and phytoremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) under various conditions. International journal of phytoremediation, 19: 8. 755-764.
54.Keller, J., Banks, M.K., and Schwab. A.P. 2008. Effect of soil depth on phytoremediation efficiency for petroleum contaminants. J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazard Subst. Environ. Eng. 43: 1. 1-9.
55.Hutchinson, S.L., Schwab, A.P., and Banks, M.K. 2001. Phytoremediation of aged petroleum sludge: effect of irrigation techniques and scheduling. Journal of environmental quality. 30: 5. 1516-1522.
56.Hou, F.S.L., Milke, M.W., Leung, D.W.M., and MacPherson, D.J. 2001. Variations in phytoremediation performance with diesel-contaminated soil. Environmental technology. 22: 2. 215-222.
57.Van Epps, A. 2006. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Environmental Protection Agency, US.
58.Lee, S.L., Hagwall, M., Delfino, J.J., and Rao, P.S.C. 1992. Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel fuel into water. Environmental Science and Technology. 26: 2104-2110.