An Overview of Amendments Used in Soil and Water Conservation in Iran

Document Type : Invited review paper

Authors

1 Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.

2 Ph.D. Graduate in Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Soil erosion is a kind of land degradation that is one of the world's environmental issues. One of the most common causes of land degradation is soil erosion. Various additives and amendments are being employed in order to safeguard the country's water and land. As a result, understanding diverse soil additives and their roles in the conservation of soil and water resources, as well as complete watershed management, is critical. As a result, the purpose of this study was to provide comprehensive information on the background and recent studies on the use of organic, inorganic, and biological soil additives, as well as to evaluate various effects and determine their performance and application in erosion control and soil and water conservation.
Materials and Methods: All studies and research on the application of amendments in soil and water conservation in different conditions on various components of soil erosion and conservation in Iran were documented in databases and extracted from journal articles, conferences, executive reports, and related research, and theses and dissertations were investigated. The relevant 75 documents were then chronologically evaluated, analyzed, and summarized in order to assess the usage of various amendments in many areas, including the kind of amendments, the scope of use, the experimental setting, and the research variables. The necessary conclusions were ultimately drawn qualitatively.
Results: The use of soil stabilizers and amendments such as organic, inorganic, and biological elements to enhance the erodibility threshold and prevent soil water erosion has been widely documented based on the findings of this study. According to research findings, the performance of amendments varied depending on the kind, manner of application, scale, and soil type. In addition, the findings on the usage of amendments revealed that various additions are used and work well in soil and water conservation. However, adopting any of the customary changes has been noted as a considerable difficulty due to economic, environmental, health, administrative, functional, and technical restrictions. The use of biologically and ecologically friendly alternatives to boost the efficiency of the conditions for balancing and stabilizing the soil environment has been stressed due to the aforementioned constraints for the use of amendments.
Conclusion: Because of the widespread use of amendments, the feasibility of using environmentally friendly amendments, and emphasizing waste management in the primary industry through additional studies and research, there is a need for proper and appropriate measures that are naturally environmentally friendly in the long term. Nevertheless, additional research on the application of various amendments resulting from the direct or modified use of significant industrial wastes with respect to various aspects of environmental, economic, ecological, and even aesthetic and at different scales is necessary to summarize and develop appropriate executive instructions.

Keywords


1.Saha, M., Sauda, S.S., Real, H.R.K., and Mahmud, M. 2022. Estimation of annual rate and spatial distribution of soil erosion in the Jamuna basin using RUSLE model: A Geospatial Approach. Environ. Chal. 100524.
2.FAO. 2015. Healthy soils are the basis for healthy food production. Fao 4. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4405e.pdf.
3.Hannam, I. 2022. Soil governance and land degradation neutrality. Soil Sec.6, 100030.
4.Lal, R. 2010. Managing soils and ecosystems for mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions and advancing global food security. BioScience, 60: 9. 708-721.
5.Ahmad, N.S.B.N., Mustafa, F.B., and Didams, G. 2020. A systematic review of soil erosion control practices on the agricultural land in Asia. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 8: 2. 103-115.
6.Hatefi, M., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Erfanzadeh, R., and Behzadfar, M. 2020a. Inhibiting soil loss and runoff from small plots induced by an individual freeze-thaw cycle using three rangeland species. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 8: 3. 228-236.
7.Borrelli, P., Panagos, P., Ballabio, C., and Alewell, C. 2022. Land degradation in Iran. In Global Degradation of Soil and Water Resources, pp. 3-10. Springer, Singapore.
8.Sadeghi, S.H.R. 2005. A semi-detailed technique for soil erosion mapping based on BLM and satellite image applications. J. Agricult. Sci. Technol. (JAST),7: 133-142. 133.
9.Ebabu, K., Tsunekawa, A., Haregeweyn, N., Tsubo, M., Adgo, E., Fenta, A.A., and Poesen, J. 2022. Global analysis of cover management and support practicefactors that control soil erosion and conservation. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 10: 2. 161-176.
10.Pimentel, D., and Burgess, M. 2013. Soil erosion threatens food production. Agriculture, 3: 3. 443-463.
11.Admas, B.F., Gashaw, T., Adem, A.A., Worqlul, A.W., Dile, Y.T., and Molla, E. 2022. Identification of soil erosion hot-spot areas for prioritization of conservation measures using the SWAT model in Ribb watershed, Ethiopia. Resources, Environ. Sus. 100059.
12.Wang, Y.Y., You, L.C., Lyu, H.H., Liu, Y.X., He, L.L., Hu, Y.D., and Yang, S.M. 2022. Role of biochar-mineral composite amendment on the immobilization of heavy metals for Brassica chinensis from naturally contaminated soil. Environ. Technol. Innov. 102622.
13.UNESCO, 2009. Integrated water resources management guidelines at river basin level, Part 1, 24 p.
14.Sadeghi, S.H.R. 2010. Study and measurement of water erosion,Tarbiat Modares University Press. 200p. (In Persian)
15.Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Hazbavi, Z. 2022. Land degradation in Iran. In Global Degradation of Soil and Water Resources, pp. 342-380. Springer, Singapore.
16.Sadeghi, S.H.R. 2017. Soil erosion in Iran: state of the art, tendency and solutions. Poljoprivredai Sumarstvo,63: 3. 33-37.
17.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Kheirfam, H., and Zarei Darki, B. 2020a. Controlling runoff generation and soil loss from field experimental plots through inoculating cyanobacteria. J. Hydro., 585, 124814. 59.
18.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Hazbavi, Z.,Kiani-Harchegani, M., Younesi, H., Sadeghi, P., Angulo-Jaramillo, R., and Lassabatere, L. 2021a. The hydrologic behavior of Loess and Marl soils in response to biochar and polyacrylamide mulching under laboratorial rainfall simulation conditions. J. Hydro.592: 125620.
19.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Ghavimi Panah, M.H., and Younesi, H. 2017a. Feasibility of reducing soil loss using biochar produced from dairy factory waste. J. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 24: 4. 211-226. (In Persian)
20.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Hazbavi, Z., Younesi, H.A., and Behzadfar, M., 2013. The trend of changes in soil loss and sediment concentration due to the use of polyacrylamide, J. of Soil Water Res. Conserv. 2: 4. 56-70. (In Persian)
21.Behzadfar, M., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Khanjani, M.J., and Hazbavi, Z. 2017. Effects of rates and time of zeolite application on controlling runoff generation and soil loss from a soil subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 5: 2. 95-101.
22.Morgan, R.P.C. 2006. Soil Erosion and Conservation. Blackwell Publishing. UK. 304p.
23.Rabiee, A., Gilani, M., and Jamshidi, H. 2011. Preparation of anionic polyacrylamide based on acrylamide as soil stabilizer. J. Poly. Sci. Technol.4: 24. 291-300. (In Persian)
24.Ismaili Dastjerdipour, A., Farpoor, M.H., and Sarcheshmehpour, M. 2014. The effect of biological shells and anionic polyelectrolyte polymer on some physical and chemical properties of a sandy soil. J. Agricult. Sci. Technol. Nat. Res., Soil Science, 18: 69. 10-1.(In Persian)
25.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Kheirfam, H., Homaee, M., and Zarei Darki, B. 2017e. Improvability of water infiltration in an erosion-prone soil under laboratorial conditions through artificial increasing of soil micro-organisms population. Iran. J. Soil Water Res. 47: 4. 797-805. (In Persian)
26.Kavian, A., Elahi, E., and Zabihzadeh, S.M. 2018. Evaluation of the effect of wood chips on runoff control and soil loss - a laboratory study at plotscale. Iranian Water Res. 11: 25. 61-69. (In Persian)
27.Sepehr, A., Hassanzadeh, M., and Rodriguez-Caballero, E. 2019. The protective role of cyanobacteria on soil stability in two Aridisols in northeastern Iran. Geoderma Regional, 16, e00201.
28.Kheirfam, H., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Zarei Darki, B., and Homaee, M. 2017c. Controlling rainfall-induced soil loss from small experimental plots through inoculation of bacteria and cyanobacteria. Catena, 152: 40-46.
29.Gharemahmudli, S., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Sadeghi, V.S., Najafinejad, A., and Jafarpoor, A. 2022. Morphometrical analysis of cracks and crevices on a cyanobacterized soil surface subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle using image processing. Catena, 213: 106150.
30.Gholami, L., Banasik, K., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Khaledi Darvishan, A., and Hejduk, L. 2014. Effectiveness of straw mulch on infiltration, splash erosion, runoff and sediment in laboratory conditions. J. Water Land Dev.22: 1. 51-60.
31.Gholami, L., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Homaee, M. 2016. Different effects of sheep manure conditioner on runoff and soil loss components in eroded soil. Catena, 139: 99-104.
32.Ismaili Dastjerdipour, A., Farpoor, M.H., and Sarcheshmehpour, M. 2013. Penetration resistance and micromorphology of biological shells resulting from simultaneous application of two genera of cyanobacteria. Agricult. Eng. (Sci. J. Agricult.). 36: 2. 17-35. (In Persian)
33.Mousavifar, S.S., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Bahramifar, N. 2017. The effect of separate and combined application of vermicompost and silica nanoparticles on the permeability of a type of soil sensitive to erosion. J. Soil Res. Con.7: 1. 49-59. (In Persian)
34.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Kheirfam, H., Homaee, M., Zarei Darki, B., and Vafakhah, M. 2017d. Improving runoff behavior resulting from direct inoculation of soil micro-organisms. Soil and Tillage Research, 171: 35-41.
35.Kaur, R., Bhatti, S.S., Singh, S.,Singh, J., and Singh, S. 2018. Phytoremediation of heavy metals using cotton plant: a field analysis. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 101: 5. 637-643.
36.Wang, Y., Qian, X., Zhou, Y., and Chen, X. 2022. Spatial difference of Chinese public awareness of soil and water conservation and perception of information construction. Alexandria Eng. J. 61: 11. 8611-8623.
37.Gholami, L., Khaledi Darvishan, A., and Kavian, A. 2018. Role of woodchips on runoff components control at plot scale. J. Water. Eng. Manag. 10: 3. 375-387. (In Persian)
38.Kalehhouei, M., Kavian, A., Gholami, L., and Jafarian, Z. 2018. Protective impact of colza straw (Brassica napus L.) on runoff and soil loss control using rainfall simulation. Water. Manag. Res. 31: 1. 73-82. (In Persian)
39.Hatefi, M., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Erfanzadeh, R., and Behzadfar, M. 2020b. Laboratory study of the role of vegetation in runoff production in small plots under the freeze-thaw cycle, J. Water soil, 34: 4. 755-764. (In Persian)
40.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Gholami, L., Homaee, M., and Khaledi Darvishan, A. 2015a. Reducing sediment concentration and soil loss using organic and inorganic amendments at plot scale, Solid Earth,6: 2. 445-455.
41.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Sharifi Moghadam, E., and Khaledi Darvishan, A. 2016b. Effects of subsequent rainfall events on runoff and soil erosion components fromsmall plots treated by vinasse. Catena, 138: 1-12.
42.Ghavimi Panah, M.H., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Younesi, H. 2017. The role of bio-charcoal topsoil from dairy waste on infiltration and runoff in small laboratory plots. Iranian Soil Water Res. 48: 4. 905-916. (In Persian)
43.Gholami, L., Karimi, N., and Kavian, A. 2019. Soil and water conservation using biochar and various soil moisture in laboratory conditions. Catena, 182, 104151.
44.Vahidi, M.J., Zahan, M.H.S., Atajan, F.A., and Parsa, Z. 2022. The effect of biochars produced from barberry and jujube on erosion, nutrient, and properties of soil in laboratory conditions. Soil Till. Res. 219, 105345.
45.Behzadfar, M., Sadeghi, S.H.R, Khanjani, M.J., and Hezbawi, Z. 2012. Impact of runoff production and sedimentation of soils under freezing-thawing cycle under rainfall simulation conditions. J. Soil Res. Conserv.2: 1. 13-25. (In Persian)
46.Gharemahmudli, S., Najafinejad, A., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Zarei Darki, B., Mohammadian Behbahani, A., and Kheirfam, H. 2020. Reducing Surface Runoff from Soils Subjected to a Freezing-Thawing Cycle using Soil Cyanobacteria. Water Soil Conserv.27: 3. 163-180. (In Persian)
47.Kheirfam, H., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Zarei Darki, B. 2020. Soil conservation in an abandoned agricultural rain-fed land through inoculation of cyanobacteria. Catena, 187, 104341.
48.Kheirfam, H., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Homaee, M., and Zarei Darki, B. 2017b. Quality improvement of an erosion-prone soil through microbial enrichment. Soil Till. Res. 165: 230-238.
49.Kheirfam, H., Homaee, M., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Zarei Darki, B. 2017a. Role of Biological soil crusts enrichment through bacteria inoculation and stimulation of nitrogen increasingin an erosion-prone soil. Water and Soil, 31: 2. 545-556. (In Persian)
50.Jafarpoor, A., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Zarei-Darki, B., and Homaee, M. 2022a. Changes in morphologic, hydraulic, and hydrodynamic properties of rill erosion due to surface inoculation of endemic soil cyanobacteria, Catena. 208, 105782.
51.Jafarpoor, A., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Zarei-Darki, B., and Homaee, M. 2022b. Changes in hydrologic components from a mid-sized plots induced by rill erosion due to cyanobacterization. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 10: 1. 143-148.
52.Gholami, L., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Homaee, M. 2015. Effect of rice straw mulch on runoff threshold and coefficient from rainfall. Iranian Water Res. J. 8: 15. 33-40. (In Persian)
53.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Gholami, L., Sharifi, E., Khaledi Darvishan, A., and Homaee, M. 2015b. Scale effect on runoff and soil loss control using rice straw mulch under laboratory conditions. Solid Earth, 6: 1-8.
54.Sharifi Moghadam, E., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Khaledi Darvishan, A. 2014. Influence of runoff and sediment components of small experimentalplots from the use of organic wastefrom Vinas, Iranian Soil Water Res.45: 4. 499-508. (In Persian)
55.Zare, S., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Khosravani, A. 2020. Impact of runoff production and soil loss from waste soft additive in small laboratory plots, J. Soil Conserv. Res. 27: 2. 195-207. (In Persian)
56.Gholami, L., Khaledi Darvishan, A., and Karimi, N. 2021b. Variability of sediment components with application of vermicompost and nano-manure and various moisture levels. J. Soil Water Sci. 25: 3. 131-143. (In Persian)
57.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Sharifi Moghadam, A., and Gholami, L. 2014. Effect of rice straw on surface runoff and soil loss in small plots. J. Water Soil Res. Conserv. 3: 4. 73-83. (In Persian)
58.Jamili, T., Khalilimoghadam, B., and Shahbazi, E. 2015. Investigation of water holding capacity of sugarcane mulch for sand dune stabilization in Ahvaz. J. Water Soil, 29: 5. 1278-1287. (In Persian)
59.Kavian, A., Mohammadi, M., Fallah, M., and Gholami, L. 2015. Effect of wheat straw on changing time to runoff and runoff coefficient in laboratory plots under rainfall simulation. J. Water Soil Res. Conserv. 15: 2. 73-81. (In Persian)
60.Kavian, A., Abassi, E., and Jafarian, Z. 2016. Effect of Agropyron elongatum residue on decreasing runoff and soil loss- An experimental study using rainfall simulator. Water. Manag. Res. (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 29: 1. 33-40. (In Persian)  
61.Karimi, N., Gholami, L., and Kavian, A. 2018. Water changes and sedimentation of small experimental plots affected by the application of biochar protection treatment in different soil moisture. Iranian J. Water. Manag. Sci. Eng.12: 43. 98-107. (In Persian)
62.Yazdan Panahi, A., Ahmadali, Kh., Zare, S., and Jafari, M. 2019. Study of the effect of different levels of two types of charcoal on hydrophobicity and some physical and chemical properties of soil. J. Soil Water Res. Protec., (Scientific-Research), 9: 1. 19-34. (In Persian)
63.Kalehhouei, M., Kavian, A., Gholami, L., and Jafarian, Z. 2020. Influence of start time and coefficient of runoff to application of organic mulch under small laboratory plots. Iran-Water. Manag. Sci. Eng. 13: 47. 8-18. (In Persian)
64.Gholami, L., Balvayeh, A., Karimi, N., and Shokrian, F. 2021a. Perlite effect on changes of splash erosion in three collected soil types with differentland uses. Water soil res. Conserv.10: 2. 113-128. (In Persian)
65.Karimi, A., Moezzi A.A., Chorom M., and Enayatizamir N. 2020. Influence of sugarcane bagasse biochar on nutrition availability and biological properties of a calcareous soil. Appl. Soil Res.8: 1. 1-17. (In Persian)
66.Zareii, B., Gholami, L., Kavian, A., and Shahedi, K. 2020. Study of soil loss changes using poultry manure in various time intervals. J. Water Soil Conserv. 27: 4. 1-21. (In Persian)
67.Gholami, L., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Homaee, M. 2013. Straw mulching effect on splash erosion, runoff and sediment yield from eroded plots. Soil Sci. Soc. Ame. J. 77: 268-278.
68.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Ghavimi Panah, M.H., Younesi, H., and Kheirfam, H. 2018. Ameliorating some quality properties of an erosion-prone soil using biochar produced from dairy wastewater sludge. Catena, 171: 193-198.
69.Zare, S., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Khosravani, A. 2021. Controllability of soil and water loss in small plots using nanofiber amendment produced from recycled old paperboard containers. Soil Till. Res. 209, 104949.
70.Shekofteh, H., Rafahi, H.Gh., and Gorji, M. 2005. The Chemical effect of polyacrylamide on the soil erosion
and runoff. Iranian J. Agricul. Sci.36: 177-186. (In Persian)
71.Shahbazi, A., Yazdipour, A.R., and Raofi, M. 2009. Study on the effect of polyacrylamide on canola seedling emergence in a crusted soil and some physicochemical properties of soil. J. Water Soil. 23: 2. 38-45. (In Persian)
72.Akbarzadeh, A., Refahi, H., Rohipour, H., and Georgian, M. 2010. Evaluation of the efficiency of polyacrylamide (PAM) in increasing aggregate stability and reducing erosion of marl soils in sloping lands of Zanjan province. Iranian Soil Water Res. (Iranian Agricult. Sci.), 40: 2. 119-131. (In Persian)
73.Akbarzadeh, A., Refahi, H., Rohipour, H., and Georgian, M. 2010. Evaluating the effect of gypsum application on temporary soil stabilization. J. Nat. Environ. 63: 2. 127-141. (In Persian)
74.Hazbavi, Z., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Younesi, H. 2013. Analysis and assessing effectability of runoff components from different levels of polyacrylamide. J. Water Soil Conserv., (ISSN), 2: 2. 1-13. (In Persian)
75.Bashari Se Ghale, M., Moradi, H.R., Kheirkhah, M.M., and Jafari Khaledi, M. 2013. Simulation of the effect of soil surface rock fragments on runoff and sediment yield, J. Water. Eng. Manag.5: 2. 104-114. (In Persian)
76.Boroghani, M., Mirnia, S.Kh., Vahhabi, J., and Ahmadi, S.J. 2014. Investigation of Nanozeolite Effects on Soil Erosion Decreasing using FEL3 Rainfall Simulator. J. Water. Eng. Manag.5: 9. 95-106. (In Persian)
77.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Raeisi, M.B., and Hazbavi, Z. 2015d. The effect of polyacrylamide application in inhibiting spray erosion from soil under the influence of freeze-thaw phenomenon,J. Soil., (Agricult. Sci. Industries),29: 6. 1601-1611. (In Persian)
78.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Karimi, Z., and Bahrami, H.A. 2015c. The effect of type and level of polyacrylamide consumption on soil loss, Journal of Soil and Water Resources Conservation,4: 3. 29-37. (In Persian)
79.Manafi, M., Manafi, P., and Kahtri Karam, S. 2016. Prevention of soil loss by polyacrylamide-based copolymer. Advanced Materials and Technologies,4: 4. 0-0. (In Persian).
80.Solaimani, F., Kavian, A., Solaimani, K., Sharifi, F., and Shahedi, K. 2018. Effect of application of several amendments on threshold and coefficient of runoff in various conditions under rainfall simulation,J. Water. Eng. Manag. 10: 2. 214-230. (In Persian)
81.Sharifi, F., Solaimani, F., and Hosseini, S.A. 2018. Development and evaluation of new soil stabilization technologies to reduce runoff and erosion and stabilize drainage canal sidewall and steep lands in Khuzestan. 32: 3. 343-360. (In Persian)
82.Haghjoo, Z., Gholami, L., Kavian, A., and Mosavi, S.R. 2020. Study of soil splash and stability of soil aggregates using polyvinyl acetate. Iran-Water. Manag. Sci. Eng. 13: 47. 52-63. (In Persian)
83.Farzadfar, E., Sadeghi, S.H.R., and Tanha Ziyarati, M. 2021. Effectabillity of runoff generation from application of molecular sieve waste amendments produced in refinery, In: Proceedings of the 2nd International and 5th National Conference on Conservation of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (UMA), Ardabil, Iran, 09 and 10 June, 2021: 2482-2488. (In Persian)
84.Sharifi Moghani, M., Sadeghi, S.H.R. and Bahramifar, N. 2021. Introducing runoff and soil loss control approach using refinery sulfur wastes, In: Proceedings of 2nd International and 5th National Conference on Conservation of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (UMA), Ardabil, Iran, 09 and 10 June, 2021: 3114-3120. (In Persian)
85.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Hazbavi, Z., Younesi, H.A., and Bahramifar, N. 2016a. Trade-off between runoff and sediments from treated erosion plots and polyacrylamide and acrylamide residues. Catena,142: 213-220.
86.Kheirfam, H., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Zarei Darki, B., and Homaee, M. 2018. Reducing soil and water loss through stimilation of soil bacteria in experimental small plots. J. Water Soil Conserv. 25: 4. 243-257. (In Persian)
87.Kheirfam F., and Asadzadeh F. 2020. Soil feasibility of mowing sands stabilization in the dried-up beds of Lake Urmia using inoculation and stimulation of soil native cyanobacteria. Appl. Soil Res. 8: 1. 31-43. (In Persian)
88.Kheirfam, H. 2020. Increasing soil potential for carbon sequestration using microbes from biological soil crusts.
J. Arid Environ. 172, 104022.
89.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Sadeghi Satri, M., Zarei Darki, B., and Kheirfam, H. 2020c. Runoff and soil loss from small plots of erosion-prone marl soil inoculated with bacteria and cyanobacteria under real conditions, Eur. J. Soil Bio. 101: 103-214.
90.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Najafinejad, A., Gharemahmudli, S., Darki, B.Z., Behbahani, A.M., and Kheirfam, H. 2021b. Reduction in soil loss caused by a freeze-thaw cycle through inoculation of endemic soil microorganisms. Appl. Soil Ecol. 157, 103770.
91.Mirzaei Talarpashti, R., Kambozia, J., Sabahi, H., and Mahdavi Damghani, A. 2009. Effect of different organic fertilizers on soil physicochemical properties, production and biomass yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Iranian Agricult. Res. 7: 1. 259-270.(In Persian)
92.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Kiani-Harchegani, M., Hazbavi, Z., Sadeghi, P., Angulo-Jaramillo, R., Lassabatere, L., and Younesi, H. 2020b. Field measurement of effects of individual and combined application of biochar and polyacrylamide on erosion variables in loess and marl soils. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138866.
93.Zare, S., Jafari, M., Ahmadi, H., Tavili, A., Rohipour, H., and Khalil Arjmandi, R. 2019.Investigation of stabilizing effect of some non-oil mulches in order to stabilize quicksand. Iranian J. Nat. Res. 71: 4. 939-948. (In Persian)
94.Rezaei Pasha, M., Shahedi, K., Vahabzadeh, Q., Kavian, A., Qajar, M., and Joket, P. 2017. Effect of vermicompost and urea fertilizer on monthly runoff changes at plot scale. Echo Hydro. 4: 4. 1061-1070. (In Persian)
95.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Karimi, Z., and Hashemieh Arian, Z., 2017c. Combined application of polyacrylamide and vermicompost on inhibition of runoff and soil erosion, J. Water. Eng. Manag. 9: 1. 1-10. (In Persian)
96.Farhoudi, M.H., Beheshti Al-Agha, A., Aghabigi Amin, S., Bazrafshan, A., Hali Saz, A., and Ismailpour, Y. 2018. Impact of runoff and soil sediment from vermicompost, compost and straw additives. Geo. Environ. Sus. 8: 4. 1-12. (In Persian)
97.Epelde, L., Burges, A., Mijangos, I., and Garbisu, C. 2014. Microbial properties and attributes of ecological relevance for soil quality monitoring during a chemical stabilization field study. Appl. Soil Ecol. 75: 1-12.
98.Blanco, H., and Lal, R. 2008. Principles of soil conservation and management. Springer Science and Business Media, 638p.
99.Sadeghi, S.H.R., Hazbavi, Z., Gholami, L., and Khaledi Darvishan, A. 2017b. Soil and water conservation using amendments. Tarbiat Modares University Press. 467p.
100.Woodrow, J.E., Seiber, J.N., and Miller, G.C. 2008. Acrylamiderelease resulting from sunlight irradiation of aqueous polyacrylamide/ iron mixtures. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 56: 8. 2773-2779.
101.Pospisil, J., and Weideli, H. J. 1996. Environmental impacts associated with the application of radical-55 scavenging stabilizers in polymers. Polymer degradation and stability, 52: 2. 109-117.
102.Sojka, R.E., and Entry, J.A. 2000. Influence of polyacrylamide application to soil on movement of microorganisms in runoff water. Environ. Pollu.108: 405-412.
103.Klaunig, J.E. 2008. Acrylamide carcinogenicity. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 56: 15. 5984-5988.