تولید بیوچار ازشاخ و برگ هرس شده درخت هلو و خصوصیات کیفی آن در دماهای مختلف

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مدیریت مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان

2 هیئت علمی

3 گروه مهندسی تکنولوژی چوب، دانشکده مهندسی چوب و کاغذ، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: بیشتر خاک‌های مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک کمتر از یک درصد ماده‌ آلی دارند و عمدتاً کمبود ماده آلی عامل محدوده کننده‌ای است. سالانه میلیون‌ها تن شاخ و برگ هرس شده درختان در سطح کشور تولیـد می‌شود که می‌تواند در تأمین ماده آلی و بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک‌ها سهیم باشند. وجود پسماندهای آلی ناشی از فعالیت‌های کشاورزی، پیامدهای ناگوار کوتاه و درازمدتی را برای کشاورزی و محیط‌زیست ایجاد کرده است. یکی از راهکارهای فائق آمدن بر این مسائل، تبدیل پسماندهای آلی به بیوچار است. بیوچار یک اصلاح کننده خاک آلی بسیار پایدار، متخلخل، غنی از کربن و ریزدانه است که از پیرولیز بقایای آلی به دست می‌آید. بیوچار خصوصیات مختلف فیزیکی (ساختمان خاک، جرم مخصوص ظاهری، هدایت هیدرولیکی)، شیمیایی (pH، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، میزان مواد آلی) و زیستی خاک (فعالیت میکروبی، تنوع میکروبی، فعالیت آنزیمی و جمعیت میکروبی) را تحت تأثیر قرار داده و موجب بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک می‌شود. هدف از تحقیق حاضر، تولید بیوچار ازشاخ و برگ هرس شده درخت هلو برای اولین بار در کشور و بررسی اثر دماهای مختلف پیرولیز بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی آن است.
مواد و روش: شاخ و برگ هرس شده درختان هلو از باغات اطراف شهرستان گرگان تهیه شد و پس از تبدیل به خاک اره، به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شدند. سپس، در کوره الکتریکی تحت گاز آرگون و در دماهای 300، 400، 500، 600 و 700 درجه سانتیگراد و با زمان ماندگاری یک ساعت، بیوچارهای متنوعی تولید شد. آنگاه، خصوصیات بیوچارهای تولید شده شامل درصد عملکرد، درصدد خاکستر، اسیدیته ، شوری ،درصد کربن آلی، درصد نیتروژن کل، پتاسیم، فسفر، کلسیم و منیزیم قابل تبادل، اندازه‌گیری شدند.
یافته‌ها: عملکرد بیوچارهای تولیدشده با افزایش دما کاهش معنی‌داری داشت. بیشترین درصد عملکرد در دماهای پیرولیز300 و 400 درجه سانتیگراد مشاهده شد. بیشترین میزان کربن آلی (65 درصد) و نیتروژن کل (55/0 درصد) نیز، در دمای 400 درجه سانتی‌گراد به‌دست آمد. کیفیت بیوچار با افزایش دما به‌تدریج کاهش معنی‌داری یافت، بطوریکه بیشترین شوری (88/0 دسی زیمنس یر متر)، بیشترین اسیدیته (6/8)، و کمترین عملکرد (23 درصد) در بیوچار تولید شده در دمای 700 درجه سانتی‌گراد مشاهده شد. بیشترین مقدار خاکستر (73 درصد) در بیوچار 700 درجه سانتی‌گراد و بیشترین ظرفیت نگهداری آب (085/0 گرم بر گرم) نیز، در بیوچارهای تولید شده در دماهای 300 و 400 درجه سانتیگراد به دست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: ازآنجایی‌که بـا افزایش دمای فرایند پیرولیز، اسیدیته و شوری بیوچار تولید شده از شاخ و برگ هرس شده درختان هلو افزایش یافته و درصد عملکرد و میزان کربن آلی آن کاهش یافتند، لذا تولید بیوچار از شاخ و برگ هرس شده درختان هلو در دمای 400 درجه سلسیوس جهت استفاده در عملیات اصلاح اراضی شور و قلیایی توصیه می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Biochar production from peach trees pruned foliage and its qualitative properties at different temperatures

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amin Mahmoodian Choplou 1
  • Hamid Niknahad Gharmakher 2
  • Hossain Yousefi 3
1 Department of Rangeland Management, College of Rangeland and Watershed Managemet, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Rangeland Management, College of Rangeland and Watershed Managemet, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 1Assistant Professor, Department of Wood Technology, College of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Most of soils in arid and semi-arid regions have less than one percent organic matter, so organic matter deficiency is mainly a limiting factor in mentioned areas. Millions of tons of trees pruned foliage are produced nationwide each year that can contribute to the supply of organic matter and the improvement soil fertility. Organic wastes from agricultural activities have created short and long-term negative consequences for agriculture and the environment. One way to overcome these issues is to convert organic wastes into biochars. Biochar is a highly stable, porous, carbon-rich and fine-grained organic soil conditioner derived from pyrolysis of organic debris. Biochar affects various soil physical (structure, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity), chemical (pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content), and biologic (microbial activity, microbial diversity, enzymatic activity, and microbial population) properties and improves soil fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different pyrolysis temperatures on the physical and chemical properties of produced biochars from pruned foliage of peach trees.
Materials and Methods: The pruned foliage of peach trees was prepared from gardens around Gorgan city and after being conversion into sawdust, they were transferred to the laboratory. Then, in the electric furnace under argon gas, at various temperatures of 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 degrees centigrade, within one hour, various biochars were produced. Then, properties of produced biochars including yield percent, ash content, acidity, salinity, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen percentage, exchangeable potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium were measured.
Results: The yield of produced biochar significantly decreased with increasing temperature. The highest percentage of yield was observed at pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and 400 degree centigrade. The highest organic carbon (65%) and total nitrogen (0.55%) were obtained at 400 degree centigrade. Biochar quality gradually decreased with increasing temperature, with highest salinity (0.88 ds/m), acidity (8.6), and lowest yield (23%) observed in biochar produced at 700 degree centigrade. The highest amount of ash (%73) was obtained in biochar at 700 degree centigrade and the highest water storage capacity (0.085 gr/gr) was obtained in biochar at 300 and 400 degree centigrade.
Conclusion: Acidity and salinity of produced biochars from Peach tree foliage increased and the percentage of yield and organic carbon decreased by increasing the temperature of the pyrolysis process, therefore, in order to use in saline and alkaline land reclamation operations, biochar production from peach trees pruned foliage in 400 degree centigrade is recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • pyrolysis
  • temperature
  • Peach tree foliage
  • biochar

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 27، شماره 3
مرداد و شهریور 1399
صفحه 105-124

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