تاثیر مقدار و عمق توزیع ماده خام و بیوچار چوب گردو بر تبخیر و رطوبت خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی _دانشکده کشاورزی _دانشگاه شهرکرد

2 گروه مهندسی آب دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهرکرد

3 'گروه مهندسی آب دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهرکرد

4 استادیار گروه خاک دانشگاه شهرکرد

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: به دلیل محدودیت منابع آبی در جهان به ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک، مطالعه علل هدر رفت آب برای استفاده بهینه از آن ضروری امری است. نتایج این گونه پژوهش‌ها می‌تواند در مدیریت آب و افزایش راندمان آبیاری به‌ویژه در مناطق کم آب موثر باشد. با توجه به اینکه تبخیر از سطح خاک بدون پوشش به عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین بخش‌های اجزای بیلان آب، باعث هدررفت آب می‌شود، ارائه راهکارهایی برای کاهش آن امری ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. استفاده از مواد اصلاحی (مانند بیوچار) در خاک می‌تواند راهکاری مناسبی برای کاهش تبخیر از خاک باشد. از همین رو این تحقیق با هدف بررسی تاثیر چوب گردو (خاک اره) و بیوچار آن بر تبخیر و رطوبت خاک در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهرکرد و در یک دوره 5 ماهه از مرداد تا آذر انجام گردیـد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش در قالب یک طرح کاملا تصادفی با 13 تیمار و 3 تکرار در دانشگاه شهرکرد انجام شد. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی شامل ماده اصلاح کننده (ماده خام چوب گردو و بیوچار آن) در دو سطح 1 و 2 درصد و نحوه توزیع آنها در خاک (به‌صورت مخلوط در سه عمق، سه و هشت سانتی‌متر خاک بالای گلدان و همچنین توزیع در کل عمق 30 سانتی‌متری خاک گلدان) می‌باشند. با اندازه‌گیری میزان آب ورودی و خروجی به گلدان‌ها و به کمک رابطه بیلان آبی، میزان تبخیر از خاک در تیمارها بدست آمد.
یافته ها: مقایسه میانگین تیمارهای مختلف بیوچار و ماده خام چوب گردو نشان داد که تیمارهای ماده خام چوب گردو به‌صورت معنی‌داری میزان تبخیر از سطح خاک را نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش داده‌اند. مقدار میانگین تبخیر در تیمارهای حاوی ماده خام 1450 میلی‌لیتر بدست آمد درحالیکه این مقدار در تیمار شاهد حدود 1800 میلی‌لیتر می‌باشد. میزان رطوبت خاک نیز در تیمارهای حاوی ماده خام (7/27 درصد) نسبت به تیمار شاهد (25 درصد) بصورت معنی‌داری بیشتر بود. در ارتباط با تاثیر بیوچار بر میزان تبخیر و رطوبت خاک، نتایج نشان داد که به جز تیمار 2 درصد بیوچار و توزیع در کل خاک گلدان، تفاوت بین تیمارهای دیگر با شاهد و نسبت به یکدیگر معنی-داری نمی‌باشد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد میزان تبخیر از خاک در تیمارهای حاوی ماده خام (1450 میلی‌لیتر) بصورت معنی‌داری کمتر از تیمارهای حاوی بیوچار (1820 میلی‌لیتر) است. بر خلاف بیوچار، عمق توزیع ماده خام در خاک نیز تاثیر معنی‌داری بر تبخیر نشان داد. مقدار تبخیر در حالت توزیع ماده خام در 3 و 8 سانتی‌متری بالای گلدان و همچنین توزیع در کل خاک گلدان (30 سانتی‌متری) به ترتیب معادل 1360، 1440 و 1550 میلی‌لیتر بدست آمد که تفاوت این مقادیر با تیمار شاهد (1800 میلی‌لیتر) از نظر آماری در سطح 5 درصد معنی‌دار است.
نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع با توجه به تاثیر کاهشی و معنی‌دار استفاده از 1 و 2 درصد ماده خام چوب گردو (بصورت خاک اره) نسبت به بیوچار آن، بر میزان تبخیر از خاک و با توجه به منطقی و اقتصادی بودن استفاده از 1 و 2 درصد ماده خام چوب گردو، می‌تواند استفاده از این ماده با درصدهای ذکر شده را برای کاهش تبخیر از سطح خاک توصیه نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Influence of Amount and Distribution Depth of Walnut Raw Material and Its Biochar on Evaporation and Soil Moisture

نویسندگان [English]

  • Tahere Jafarikia 1
  • Ahmad Rreza Ghasemi 2
  • Mahdi Ghobadinia 3
  • Hamid reza Motaghian 4
1 Shahrekord University
2 Water engineering Department, shahrekord University
3 shahrekord University
4 Shahrekord University
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Because of the limited water resources in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, the study of water loss causes is necessary for optimal use of them. The results of such research can be effective in water management and increase irrigation efficiency especially in low water areas. Since evaporation from the uncovered soil surface as one of the most important parts of water balance components, causes water loss, providing solutions to reduce it seems necessary. The use of soil amendment (such as biochar) can be an effective solution for decreasing evaporation from soil. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of walnut raw material (sawdust) and it’s biochar on evaporation and soil moisture in Shahrekord university research farm, during the 5 moths form Mordad to Azar.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and 3 replications. The investigated factors include the experimental material including walnut raw material, as sawdust, and its biochar at two levels of 1 and 2% and their distribution depth in soil (mixed at 3 and 8 cm above the pot and mixed in 30 cm or the soil of the whole pot). Evaluation of soil evaporation in the treatments was done by measuring the amount of inlet and outlet water to the pots and based on the water balance equation.
Results: Comparison of the mean of different biochar and walnut raw material treatments showed that walnut raw material treatments significantly reduced evaporation from soil surface compared to the control treatment (soil without any amendment). The average amount of evaporation in treatments containing walnut raw material is 1450 ml, while this amount is higher for treatments containing biochar and 1820 ml. The average of soil moisture content in these treatments is 27.8% that was also significantly higher than the control treatment (25%).
Regarding biochar effect on soil evaporation and moisture, the results showed that except for 2% biochar treatment and distribution in the whole pot soil in, the difference between the other treatments and the control was not significant. The results also showed that the soil evaporation in treatments containing raw material (1450 ml) is significantly lower than treatments containing biochar (1820 ml). Unlike biochar, the depth of distribution of the raw material in the soil also had a significant effect on evaporation. The evaporation values for distribution depths of 3, 8 and also mixed in the soil of the whole pot (30 cm), were obtained 1360, 1440 and 1550 ml, respectively, which had significant difference with the control treatment (1800 ml) at 5% significant level.
Conclusion: Overall, due to the decreasing and significant effect of using 1% and 2% of raw walnut material (in the form of sawdust) compared to its biochar, on the soil evaporation and considering the rational and economical use of 1% and 2% raw material, it can be recommended to use this material with the mentioned percentages to reduce evaporation form the soil surface.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Evaporation
  • Walnut wood biochar
  • Walnut raw material
  • Soil moisture
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