Investigation of the relationship between base flow index with temperature and rainfall using wavelet coherence (Case study: Gorganroud watershed)

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor in Watershed Management, Natural Resources Department, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Gonbad, Gonbad

2 Graduate student, Natural Resources Department, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Gonbad, Gonbad

Abstract

Climate change has changed meteorological parameters in different parts of the world. Drought is a problem that may lead to crisis in many countries. Therefore, the study of meteorological parameters changes and their effect on river flow is important which an important factor in supplying water supply is. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperature and rainfall parameters with base flow index using continuous wavelet transform and wavelet coherence in Gorganroud river. At first, the base flow was determined using Eckhart's two-parameter method and then the base flow index was calculated. The base flow index indicates the portion of groundwater in river surface flow, with lowest annual index in Taghiabad station with a value of 0.30 and the highest of its in Tamer station with a value of 0.66. Then, the annual trend of temperature and rainfall was investigated with base flow index of six stations (Tamer, Lazoreh, Nodeh, Arzakkuseh, Sedegorgan and Taghi Abad) in Gorganroud watershed during a period of 33 years (1981 to 2013) using continuous wavelet transform and wavelet Coherence. The analysis of annual temperature and precipitation trend with base flow index showed that two parameters of temperature and precipitation affect the base flow index. Investigation of Coherence intensity between rainfall and base flow index in stations showed that there is the highest correlation between 1-4 years, which indirect correlation was observed in the middle years of Sadegorgan and Taghiabad stations and direct in other stations and the early and the end years of Taqiabad station. There are also correlations between the rainfall and the base flow index in the 4-8 year period, which are direct in Lazooreh and Nodeh and indirect in Tamer stations. Also, in the period of 8 to 10 years, the most correlation was found in Arzokesh and Nodeh stations with less intensity in the Sadgegran station, which arrows direction indicated direct relationship. The analysis of the intensity of coherence between temperature and base flow index showed that direct and high intensity correlation in Sadgegorgan stations between 2005 to 2009 in 3-4 year period, Lazorah between 2002 to 2006 with 4 year period and Taghiabad between 1984 to 1989 with period of 1 to 5 years. Indirect correlations was found in Nodeh and Tamer stations between 1987 to 1990 and 2011 to 2013, respectively, with a short 2-year and 3-year period and Taqi-Abad stations between 1993 to 2000 and between 1992 to 2013 with a long-term period of 8 to 10 years. The rainfall relationship with the base flow index can be direct or indirect due to the condition of the stations. Also, in some stations there is a direct relationship in the periods and indirect relationship in the rest of the period. The relationship between the base flow index and temperature is also indirect in some of the stations.

Keywords


1.Aguiar-Conraria, L., Azevedo, N.,and Soares, M.J. 2008. Using waveletsto decompose the time- frequencyeffects of monetary policy. Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications.
387: 12. 2863-2878.
2.Ataee, H., and Fanayi, R. 2016.Association of solar spots and minimumtemperature of Isfahan province.Geography and Environmental Planning.27: 2. 35-48. (In Persian)
3.Birsan, M.V., Zaharia, L., Chendes, V., andBranescu, E. 2012. Recent trends in streamflow in Romania (1976-2005). RomanianReports in Physics. 64: 1. 275-280.
4.Chen, F.Y., Jinge, W., Hsin, F.Y., andCheng, H.L. 2015. Spatial and TemporalStreamflow Trends in Northern Taiwan.Water, 7: 2. 634-651.
5.Chen, L.Q., Liu, C.M., Hao, F.H., Liu,J.Y., and Dai, D. 2006. Change of theBaseflow and It’s Impacting Factors inthe Source Regions of Yellow River. J.Glaciol. Geocryol. 28: 2. 141-148.
6.Dams, J., Salvadore, E., Van Daele, T.,Ntegeka, V., Willems, P., and Batelaan,O. 2012. Spatio-temporal impact ofclimate change on the groundwatersystem. Hydrologucal Earth System
Sciences. 16: 5. 1517-1531.
7.Daubechies, I. 1990. The wavelet transformtime-frequency localization and signalanalysis. J. Inf. Theory. 36: 5. 961-1004.
8.Eckhardt, K. 2005. How to construct recursivedigital filters for baseflow separation.Hydrological Procese. 19: 2. 507-515.
9.Eckhardt, K. 2008. A comparison of baseflow indices, which were calculated withseven different base flow separationmethods. J. Hydrol. 352: 1-2. 168-173.
10.Fan, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., and Li, W. 2013.Variation of baseflows in the headstreams ofthe Tarim River Basin during 1960-2007. J.Hydrol. 487: 3. 98-108.
11.Farge, M. 1992. Wavelet transforms and their applications to turbulence. J. Ann.Rev. Fluid Mech. 24: 1. 395-457.
12.Ficklin, D.L., Robeson, S.M., andKnouft, J.H. 2016. Impacts of recentclimate change on trends in baseflow andstormflow in United Stateswatersheds,Geophys. Res. Lett. 43: 10. 1002-1012.
13.Gan, R., Sun, L., and Luo, Y. 2015.Baseflow characteristics in alpine rivers - Amumulti-catchment analysis in NorthwestChina. J. Moun. Sci. 12: 3. 614-625.
14.Ghanbarpur, M.R., Teymuri, M., andGholami, Sh.A. 2008. Comparison ofhydrograph separation methods (Casestudy: Karun catchment). J. Agric. Sci.Natur. Resour. 12: 44. 1-10. (In Persian)
15.Ghasmzadeh, M., Azad, N., and Sharghi,A. 2016. Investigating the influence of
hydrocolimatological parameters ofRussian water level in Urmia Lake usingWavelet Connection Criterion. J. CivilEnviron. Res. 2: 1. 37-50. (In Persian)
16.Gonzales, A.L., Nonner, J., Heijkers, J.,and Uhlenbrook, S. 2009. Comparisonof different base flow separationmethods in a lowland catchment.Hydrological Earth System Sciences.13: 11. 2055-2068.
17.Gregor, M. 2010. User Manual "BFI+3.0".18.Grinsted, A., Moore, J.C., and Jevrejeva,S. 2004. Application of the crosswavelet transform and waveletcoherence to geophysical time series.
Nonlinear processes in geophysics.11: 5. 561-566.
19.Haeberli, W., Guodong, C., Gorbunov,A.P., and Harris, S.A. 1993. Mountainpermafrost and climatic change. Permafrostand Periglacial Processes. 4: 2. 165-174.20.Hasani, M., Rahimi, M., Samee, M., andKhamoushi, M.R. 2012. Study ofefficiency of various base flowseparation methods in arid and semi-aridrivers (Case study: Hablehroud basin).Arid Biom. Sci. Res. J. 2: 2. 275-287.
(In Persian)
21.Hodgkins, G.A., and Dudley, R.W. 2011.Historical summer baseflow andstormflow trends for New England Rivers.Water Resources Research. 47: 7. 1-16.
22.Holman, I.P., Rivas-Casado, M.,Bloomfield, J.P., and Gurdak, J.J. 2011.Identifying non-stationary groundwaterlevel response to North Atlantic oceanatmosphere teleconnection patternsusing wavelet coherence. Hydrogeol. J.19: 6. 1269-1278.
23.Jiang, T., Su, B., and Hartmann, H.2007. Temporal and spatial trends ofprecipitation and river flow in theYangtze River Basin, 1961-2000.Geomorphology 85: 3-4. 143-154.
24.Kahya, E., and Kalayci, S. 2004. Trendanalysis of stream flow in Turkey. J.Hydrol. 289: 1-4. 128-144.
25.Khorshiddost, A.M., Rezaei Banafsheh,M., Mir Hashemi, H., and Kakolvand,Y. 2015. Investigation of the process ofrainfall-discharge changes in thesub basins of Karkheh river usingnon-parametric methods Case study:Kashkan Basin. Science and Engineeringof Irrigation 38: 4. 177-188. (In Persian)
26.Kumar, S., Merwad, V., Kam, J., andK., Thurner. 2009. Stream flow trendsin Indiana: Effects of long termpersistence, precipitation and subsurfacedrains. J. Hydrol. 374: 1-2. 171-183.
27.Liang, L., and Liu, Q. 2014. Streamflowsensitivity analysis to climate changefor a large water-limited basin.Hydrological Process 28: 4. 1767-1774.
28.Longobardi, A., and Villani, P.2008. Baseflow index regionalizationanalysis in a Mediterranean area anddata scarcity context: Role of thecatchment permeability index. J. Hydrol.355: 1-4. 63-75.
29.Lyon, S.W., and Destouni, G. 2010.Changes in catchment-scale recessionflow properties in response to permafrostthawing in the Yukon River Basin. Inter.J. Climatol. 30: 14. 2138-2145.
30.Mehmet, O., Ashok, K., Mishra, V.,and Singh, P. 2010. Scalingcharacteristics of precipitation data inconjunction with wavelet analysis. J.Hydrol. 395: 3-4. 279-288.
31.Mwakalila, S., Feyen, J., and Wyseureb,G. 2002. The influence of physicalcatchment propertieson baseflow insemi-arid environments. J. Arid Environ.52: 2. 245-258.
32.Nademi, Y., and Khochiani, R. 2017.Interaction of Stock, Currency and GoldMarkets in Iran: An Economic PhysicsAnalysis. Magazine of Finance andManagement of Bonds. 31: 2. 149-166.(In Persian)
33.Nader Sefat, M.H., and Saidian, F. 2010.Study of Flooding Process in WatershedAreas by Investigating the Permeabilityand Potential of Runoff in GeologicalFormations, Case study in KardehWatershed - Razavi Khorasan Province.Geograph. Res. Quar. J. 4: 12. 198-163.(In Persian)
34.Nathan, R.J., and McMahon, T.A. 1990.Evaluation of automated techniques forbase flow and recession analyses. WaterResource Researchs. 26: 7. 1465-1473.
35.Nicholls, R.J., and Cazenave, A. 2010.Sea-level rise and its impact on coastalzones. Science. 328: 5985. 1517-1520.
36.Obrien, R.J., Misstear, B.D., Gill, L.W.,Deakin J.L., and Flynn, R. 2013.Developing an integrated hydrographseparation and lumped modelingapproach to quantifying hydrologicalpathways in Irish river catchments.J. Hydrol. 486: 12. 259-270.
37.Percival, D.B., and Walden, A.T. 2000.Wavelet methods for time seriesanalysis. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 594p.
38.Qin, J., Ding, Y., Han, T., and Liu, Y. 2017.Identification of the Factors Influencing theBaseflow in the Permafrost Region of theNortheastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Water.9: 10. 666-682.
39.Rahimi, L., Dehghani, A.A., Ghorbani,Kh., and Abdolhosseini, M. 2014. Studyof changes in total flow rate and flowrate at the base of the hydrometricstation of Erzakoush (Gorgan-e-Rud
watershed in Golestan province).
J. Water Soil Cons. 21: 2. 173-189.(In Persian)40.Rogger, M., Chirico, G.B., Hausmann,H., Krainer, K., Bruckl, E., Stadler, P.,and Bloschl, G. 2017. Impact ofmountain permafrost on flow path and
runoff response in a high alpinecatchment. Water Resources Research53: 2. 1288-1308.
41.Sheikh, V.B., Bahremand, A., andMooshakhian, Y. 2011. A comparison oftrends in hydrologic variables in theAtrak River basin using non-parametrictrend analysis tests. J. Water Soil Cons.
18: 2. 1-23. (In Persian)
42.Sheng, Y., Li, J., and Wu, J.C. 2010.Distribution patterns of permafrost in theupper area of Shule River with theapplication of GIS technique. J. ChinaUniv. Min. Technol. 39: 3. 32-39.
43.Strauch, A.M., MacKenzie, R.A.,and Tingley, R.W. 2017. Base flow‐driven shifts in tropical stream
temperature regimes across a meanannual rainfall gradient. HydrologicalProcesses. 31: 10. 1678-1689.
44.Taormina, R., Chau, K.W., andSivakumar, B. 2015. Neural network riverforecasting through baseflow separationand binary-coded swarm optimization. J.Hydrol. 529: 3. 1788-1797.
45.Teymuri, M. 2014. Evaluation of basedischarge separation methods based onthe analysis of deformation branch.Geograph. Res. Quar. J. 29: 4. 57-66.(In Persian)
46.Teymuri, M., Ghanbarpur, M.R., BashirGonbad, M., Zolfaqari, M., and KazemiNia, S. 2011. Comparison of base flowindex in hydrograph separation methods insome river of west Azarbayjan province.J. Water Soil Sci. 15: 57. 219-228.(In Persian)
47.Torrence, C., and Webster, P.J. 1999.Interdecadal changes in the enso-monsoonsystem. J. Clim. 12: 8. 2679-2690.48.Torrence, C., and Compo, G.P.1998. A practical guide to waveletanalysis. American Meteorological Society.79: 1. 61-78.