مدیریت محیط‎زیست-محور فرسایش خاک در حوزه آبخیز شازند، استان مرکزی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 نویسنده مسئول، استاد گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران

4 دانش‌آموخته دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران

5 دانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: فرسایش خاک و پیامدهای ناشی از آن با تشدید بهره‌برداری انسان از طبیعت، اثرات منفی خود را بر بوم‌سازگان وارد کرده است. هم‌چنین از عوامل اصلی تهدیدکننده پایداری منابع و توسعه پایدار به شمار می‌رود. به‌طوری‌که حدود 36 درصد از زمین‌های کشاورزی و 60 درصد از کل خاک‌های ایران در معرض خطر فرسایش قرار دارند. استفاده از روش‌های زیستی بیش‌تر در مراحل ابتدایی فرسایش به‌مراتب نتیجه و اثر بیش‌تری خواهد داشت. ضرورت کاربرد روش‌های زیستی با روش‌های زیست‌مهندسی، مهندسی و سایر اقدامات سازه‌ای آبخیزداری با افزایش میزان فرسایش نمود بیش‌تری خواهد داشت. باوجوداین، استقبال لازم از مدیریت محیط‌زیست-محور فرسایش خاک به سبب عدم الگوی اجرایی مناسب توسط کارشناسان اجرایی صورت نگرفته است. ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر باهدف مدیریت محیط‌زیست-محور فرسایش خاک در حوزه آبخیز شازند واقع در استان مرکزی به سبب غلبه فرسایش توزیعی و قابل مدیریت انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به همین ‌منظور نخست واحد‌های کاری از تلفیق لایه‌های ارتفاع، شیب و زمین‌شناسی حوزه آبخیز شازند تعیین شد. سپس وضعیت فرسایش خاک بر اساس جدول امتیازدهی عوامل هفت‌گانه مدل BLM، در واحدهای ‌کاری بر اساس بازدید میدانی و نظرات کارشناسی تکمیل و سپس نقشه سیمای فرسایشی تهیه شد. در مرحله بعد به‌منظور اطمینان از نتایج نقشه سیمای فرسایشی نقشه شاخص سطح برگ با استفاده از داده‌های سنجنده MSI ماهواره Sentinel-2 تهیه شد. سپس منحنی آمبروترمیک و هایترگراف و نقشه‌ اقلیمی-کشاورزی برای آبخیز موردمطالعه به دست آمد. در ادامه تراکم دام در رده‌های اقلیمی-کشاورزی مختلف بررسی و درنهایت با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده گونه‌های گیاهی مناسب از مجموعه فهرست گونه‌های غالب منطقه ارائه شد.
یافته‌ها: با توجه به ارزیابی جدول BLM از بین 15 واحد کاری، یک واحد کاری (12 درصد) در وضعیت فرسایشی جزئی، نُه واحد کاری (58 درصد) در وضعیت فرسایشی کم، چهار واحد کاری (25 درصد) در وضعیت فرسایشی متوسط و یک واحد کاری (سه درصد) در وضعیت فرسایشی زیاد قرار دارد. وضعیت کلی فرسایش خاک در آبخیز مطالعاتی با امتیاز 53/36 در طبقه کم قرارگرفته است. هم‌چنین بررسی نقشه‌های سیمای فرسایش و شاخص‌ سطح برگ به‌دست‌آمده حاکی از تطابق اندازه‌گیری‌های میدانی با داده‌های سنجش‌ازدور داشت. بر اساس نمودار آمبروترمیک، ماه‌های اردیبهشت تا مهر خشک بوده و دراین‌بین خرداد، تیر و مرداد خشک‌ترین ماه سال در منطقه موردمطالعه بوده است. بر طبق نتایج این پژوهش رده‌های اقلیمی-کشاورزی پنج و دو به ترتیب با 36 و 19 درصد بیش‌ترین تراکم دام را به خود اختصاص داده‌ است. درنهایت گونه‌ها شامل علف گندمی بیابانی، چاودار کوهی، علف پشمکی، اسپرس، درمنه دشتی و بادام‌کوهی انتخاب‌ و پهنه‌بندی استفاده از آن‌ها ارائه شد. این نتایج دارای پتانسیل تغییر بازی در مدیریت فرسایش خاک در مراحل ابتدایی با بهره‌گیری از انواع مختلف گونه‌های بومی را دارد.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های این مطالعه با تأکید بر نیاز ضروری به مدیریت مؤثر فرسایش حوضه از اهمیت قابل‌توجهی برخوردار است. با بهره‌گیری از قابلیت‌های بازیابی بوم‌سازگان می‌توان فرصت و شرایط لازم برای احیای بخش‌های مختلف حوضه را ایجاد کرد. این رویکرد، هنگامی‌که با راه‌حل‌های مناسب و ساده ترکیب شود، می‌تواند سهم قابل‌توجهی در کاهش فرسایش خاک در حوزه آبخیز شازند و فراتر از آن را داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Nature-based Management of Soil Erosion in the Shazand Watershed, Markazi Province, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi 1
  • Negin Rashidi 2
  • Fatemeh Abdolbaghi 2
  • Sahar Mousavian 2
  • Marjan Bahlekeh 3
  • Mahin Kalehhouie 4
  • Mostafa Zabihi Silabi 5
1 Corresponding Author, Professor, Dept. of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
2 M.Sc. Student of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
3 Ph.D. Student of Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
4 Ph.D. Graduate of Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
5 Ph.D. Student of Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Soil erosion and its consequences, exacerbated by the intensification of human exploitation of nature, has had a detrimental impact on ecosystems. It is also, considered one of the main vulnerable factors of resource stability and sustainable development. Soil erosion poses a threat to approximately 36% of agricultural lands and 60% of all soils in Iran. The use of biological methods has shown significant results and impacts in the initial stages of erosion. The increasing erosion rate underscores the necessity of utilizing biological methods in conjunction with bioengineering methods, engineering, and other structural measures. However, the use of nature-based to management soil erosion has yet to be widely accepted due to the lack of a suitable implementation model by project implementation agencies. This study was therefore conducted to address the urgent need for the nature-based management of erosion in the Shazand Watershed, located in the Markazi Province, due to the high prevalence of manageable distributed erosion.
Materials and methods: To determine the initial land units, the elevation, slope, and geologic maps of the Shazand Watershed were combined. Then the soil erosion status was completed based on the scoring table of the seven factors of the BLM model, in land units based on field visits and expert opinions, and then the erosion feature map was prepared. In the next step, in order to ensure the results of the erosion feature map, the leaf area index map was prepared using the MSI sensor data of the Sentinel-2 satellite.Then, the Ambrothermic diagram, hythergraph, and climate-biological map were prepared for the entire watershed. In the following, livestock density in different agro-climatic class was investigated, and suitable species were ultimately presented from the list of dominant species in the region.
Results: The assessment of the BLM model revealed that among the 15 land units, one land unit (12%) was in the state of partial erosion, nine land units (58%) were in the state of low erosion, four land units (25%) were in the state of moderate erosion, and a land unit (3%) had the highest erosion rate. The soil erosion situation within the watershed was in the lowest class, with a score of 36.53. The erosion map analysis and the obtained leaf surface indices confirmed the accuracy of field measurements against remote sensing data. The Ambrothermic diagram further showed that the months from May to October are dry, while June to August are the driest months of the year in the study area. According to the agroclimatic studies, zones 5 and 2 have the highest livestock density, with 36% and 19%, respectively. Finally, Agropyron desertorum, Secale montanum, Bromus tomentellu, Onobrychis sativa, Artemisia siberi, and Amygduluse orintalis were selected to be used for reclamation purposes in different zones. These results hold the potential to be a game-changer in environmental soil erosion management at early stages using various types of endemic species.
Conclusion: The findings of this study are of significant importance, emphasizing the pressing need for effective watershed erosion management. By harnessing the restoration capabilities of the ecosystem, we can create opportunities and the necessary conditions for rejuvenating various parts of the watershed. This approach, when combined with appropriate and straightforward solutions, can make a substantial contribution to the mitigation of soil erosion in the Shazand Watershed and beyond.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Adapted Plant Species
  • Agro-climatic Zoning
  • Biological Management
  • Watershed Management

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 31، شماره 4
دی 1403
صفحه 1-34

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