امکان استقرار زیست پوسته‌های سیانوباکتریایی در خاک شور بستر دریاچه ارومیه

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران.

2 نویسنده مسئول، استادیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

3 استاد گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران.

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: شوری خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین دلایل تخریب خاک در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک بوده که کاهش پایداری‌ خاک‌دانه‌ها، حاصلخیزی خاک و تولیدات گیاهی، انتشار گرد و غبار و افزایش فرسایش خاک را در پی دارد. در این بین، تلقیح ریزموجودات خاک‌زی به‌ویژه سیانوباکترها با هدف بهبود ویژگی‌های کمّی و کیفی خاک و نیز ویژگی‌های مؤثر بر مهار فرآیند فرسایش خاک در مدیریت و حفاظت خاک مورد تأیید قرار گرفته است. در صورتی‌که، تلقیح سیانوباکتر‌ها در ایجاد پوسته‌زیستی در خاک‌های با شوری زیاد مورد توجه قرار نگرفته است. لذا پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی امکان استقرار پوسته‌های زیستی در خاک شور بستر دریاچه از طریق تلقیح سیانوباکترها در شرایط آزمایشگاهی برنامه‌ریزی شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: نمونه‌برداری خاک بهصورت تصادفی و از 10 سانتی‌متری بالای سطح زمین در محدوده سپرغان در غرب حاشیه دریاچه ارومیه در آبان 1401 برداشت و به آزمایشگاه دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه ارومیه منتقل و تا قبل از انجام آزمایشها در دمای چهار درجه سلسیوس نگهداری شد. سپس سینی‌های آزمایشی با ابعاد 5×10×15 سانتی‌متر با خاک شور (با هدایت الکتریکی 27 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر) برداشت‌شده از بسترهای خشک‌شده غرب دریاچه ارومیه پر شد. سیانوباکترهای بومی غالب از خاک بستر دریاچه جداسازی، خالص‌سازی، شناسایی (Nostoc sp. و Oscillatoria sp.) و سپس تکثیر شدند. سیانوباکترها با وزن خشک 225 میلی‌گرم به‌صورت محلول‌پاشی روی سطح خاک هر سینی (یا هر واحد آزمایشی با مساحت 15/0 مترمربع) به‌صورت یکنواخت و در سه تکرار تلقیح شد. از طرفی، در تیمار شاهد نیز اقدام به اسپری آب مقطر (بدون زیست‌توده سیانوباکترها) با سه تکرار روی سطح سینی‌ها شد. پس از 120 روز، به‌منظور ارزیابی میزان زیست‌پوسته‌سازی سیانوباکتر‌ها، شاخص‌های مهم توسعه پوسته‌های‌زیستی خاک مانند غلظت کلروفیل-آ، پلی‌ساکارید و هم‌چنین روشنایی رنگ (L) و طیف رنگی سبز (a) سطح خاک اندازه‌گیری شد. تجزیه‎ و ‌تحلیل‌‌های آماری داده‌ها در محیط نرم‌افزار SPSS 23 انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که تلقیح سیانوباکترها بر توسعه پوسته‌های ‌زیستی خاک با شوری بالا اثرگذار بوده؛ به‌گونه‌ای که تلقیح سیانوباکترها منجر به افزایش 92/53 درصدی کلروفیل-آ و 09/24 درصدی میزان پلی‌ساکارید در خاک نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. هم‌چنین شاخص‌های L و a در تیمار تلقیح‌شده نسبت به تیمار شاهد به‌ترتیب 80/21 درصد کاهش (تیره‌شدن رنگ سطح خاک) و 35/73 درصد افزایش (سبز شدن سطح خاک به‌دلیل افزایش تراکم سیانوباکترها) یافت. شاخص‌های L و a، توانایی رشد و فعالیت سیانوباکترها در خاک‌های شور را تأیید کرد.
نتیجه‌گیری: سیانوباکتر‌ها توانایی رشد و فعالیت در خاک‌‌ با شوری زیاد را داشته و می‌توان تلقیح سیانوباکترها را به‌عنوان راهکاری زیستی و هم‌راستا با اهداف حفاظت خاک در زیست‌پوسته‌سازی خاک‌های شور به‌منظور جلوگیری از گسترش فرسایش پیشنهاد نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The possibility of establishment of cyanobacterial biocrusts in the saline soil of Lake Urmia bed

نویسندگان [English]

  • Azam Mumzaei 1
  • Hossein Kheirfam 2
  • Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi 3
1 Ph.D. Graduate of Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Dept. of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.
2 Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
3 Professor, Dept. of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and objectives: Soil salinization is known as one of the most important reasons for soil degradation in arid and semi-arid regions, which leads to a decrease in the stability of the soil, soil fertility, and plant production, and increased dust emission. However, the use of soil microorganisms as soil inoculants improves the quantitative and qualitative components of the soil. As well as, their role in soil erosion controlling and soil management has been approved, but their success in creating biocrusts in soils with high salinity has not been considered. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate the cyanobacteria inoculum capability for biocrust formation in the high salinity soils of the dried-up beds of Lake Urmia at laboratory conditions.
Materials and methods: In November 2022, the soil samples were randomly taken from 10 cm above the ground in the Seporghan area, west of Lake Urmia, and transported to the laboratory of the Faculty of Natural Resources of Urmia University and kept at 4 °C. Then, the experiment trays with dimensions of 5x10x15 cm were filled with saline soil (EC= 27 dS m-1); which was taken from the dried-up beds of the west of Lake Urmia. Afterward, 225 mg of the dominant and native cyanobacteria (Nostoc sp. and Oscillatoria sp.) were identified, extracted, purified, and proliferated from the study was water-inoculated uniformly on the soil surface of each tray (or any experimental unit with an area of 0.15 m2) with three replications. On the other hand, for control treatment, the distilled water (without cyanobacteria biomass) was sprayed on the soil. After 120 days, the important indicators of the soil biocrust, such as the chlorophyll-a content, polysaccharide concentration, and activity indicators of L and a components were measured to evaluate the cyanobacteria biocrusting capability. Statistical analysis of data was done in SPSS 23 software.
Results: The results showed that the inoculation of cyanobacteria affected the biocrust development in a high saline soil; in such a way that the cyanobacteria led to a 53.92% increase in soil chlorophyll-a compared to the control treatment. The L and a in the inoculated treatment also decreased by 21.80% and increased by 73.35%, respectively, in compared to the control, these results show the change in soil surface color to darkening and green due to the increases of cyanobacteria biomass. The L and a values confirmed the growth and activity of cyanobacteria in saline soils.
Conclusion: Finally, we found that cyanobacteria can grow in high-saline soils, and it is possible to propose the inoculation of cyanobacteria as a bio-based strategy. This approach is known in line with the soil conservation goals in the biocrust formation of saline soils to prevent the spread of erosion.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil biocrust
  • Soil chlorophyll
  • Soil conservation
  • Soil microorganisms
  • Soil polysaccharides
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