اثر تغییر کاربری زمین بر میزان کربن آلی خاک و تعیین ویژگی های خاکی موثر بر آن در یک توالی زیستی (مطالعه موردی: منطقه جزینک دشت سیستان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

4 نویسنده مسئول، استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

5 مربی گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، پژوهشکده کشاورزی، پژوهشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کربن آلی خاک (SOC) از مهمترین اجزاء خاک‌ها می‌باشد که سایر ویژگی‌های خاک را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد و خود نیز از دیگر ویژگی‌های خاک تأثیر می‌پذیرد. پژوهش‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تغییر کاربری اراضی مرتعی و جنگلی به اراضی زراعی در اغلب موارد باعث کاهش SOC می‌شود؛ ولی این موضوع همیشه صادق نیست و به عوامل مختلف مخصوصاً شیوه‌های مدیریت مواد آلی در مزرعه بستگی دارد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر تغییر کاربری‌ اراضی جنگلی و مرتعی دشت سیستان به اراضی کشاورزی، در یک توالی زیستی (که دارای بیشترین شباهت از نظر فاکتورهای خاکسازی هستند) بر میزان SOC انجام شد. همچنین تعیین اثرات مستقیم و غیر مستقیم ویژگی‌های موثر معنی‌دار خاک بر میزان SOC از اهداف دیگر این پژوهش بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: توالی زیستی مورد مطالعه در منطقه جزینک، کنار رود هیرمند در شمال شرق دشت سیستان و در جنوب غربی مرز مشترک ایران و افغانستان، قرار داشت. در آبان ماه 1395 از عمق 20-0 سانتی‌متری خاک هر یک از پوشش‌های جنگلی Populus euphratica و Tamarix ramosissima، مرتعی Desmostachiya bipinnata و Suaeda vermiculata و همچنین زراعی Triticum aestivum (با 15 سال سابقه تغییر کاربری) و فقط از نقاطی که پوشش گیاهی متراکم داشت مجموعاً 25 نمونه خاک (5 نمونه خاک از هر یک از پوشش‌های گیاهی)، بصورت تصادفی نظارت شده برداشت گردید. سپس 28 ویژگی فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک ازجمله درصد SOC اندازه‌گیری شد. تجزیه آماری داده‌ها در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی، مقایسه میانگین داده‌های SOC با آزمون حداقل اختلاف معنی‌دار و همبستگی پیرسون میان ویژگی‌های خاکی اندازه‌گیری گردید. تجزیه رگرسیون گام به گام نیز برای شناسایی ویژگی‌های موثر معنی‌دار بر تغییرات SOC بوسیله نرم افزار Statistix10 انجام شد. سپس با تجزیه علیت اثرات مستقیم و غیر مستقیم آن ویژگی‌ها بر میزان SOC بوسیله نرم‌ افزار Path 2 محاسبه گردید.
یافته‌ها: تغییرات در جمعیت‌ باکتری‌های حل‌کننده‌ فسفات 37%، قارچ‌های حل کننده فسفات44%‌، کل میکروارگانیسم‌های حل‌کننده فسفات 39%، باکتری‌ها 51%، قارچ‌ها 46%، کل میکروارگانیسم 51%؛ و همچنین تغییرات در مقادیر کربن آلی 39%، رس 68%، سیلت 71%، شن 81%، قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی (EC) 37%، سدیم 56%، پتاسیم 81%، نیتروژن 67% ، کلسیم 56% و منیزیم 37% ، متأثر از پوشش گیاهی بود. بیشترین درصد SOC در پوشش گیاهی P. euphratica با مقدار 24/1% اندازه‌گیری شد؛ و نسبت به T. aestivum،D. bipinnata ، S. vermiculata و T. ramosissima به ترتیب21/2، 69/1، 94/1 و 86/1 برابر درصد کربن آلی بیشتری داشت. البته میان پوشش‌های گیاهیT. aestivum، T. ramosissima، D. bipinnata و S. vermiculata از نظر این صفت تفاوت آماری معنی‌دار مشاهده نشد. درصد SOC با جمعیت قارچ‌های حل‌کننده فسفات و غلظت سدیم محلول خاک به ترتیب قوی‌ترین ضرایب همبستگی‌ مثبت (63/0=r) و منفی (60/0-=r) معنی‌دار (01/0P≤) را داشتند. همچنین بر اساس نتایج تجزیه رگرسیون گام به گام و تجزیه علیت، جمعیت قارچ‌های حل کننده فسفات و ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC) به ترتیب موثرترین عوامل اثر گذار مثبت؛ و نسبت جمعیت میکروارگانیسم‌های حل‌کننده فسفات بر جمعیت کل میکروارگانیسمها و نیز EC خاک به ترتیب موثرترین عوامل اثر گذار منفی بر درصد SOC در منطقه مورد مطالعه بودند.
نتیجه گیری: بطور کلی حساس‌ترین کاربری به تغییرات، جنگل P. euphratica است. بنابراین در جهت ارتقای کیفیت خاک و افزایش ذخیره کربن در مناطق خشک و فوق خشک علاوه بر حفظ و توسعه پوشش جنگلی P. euphratica پیشنهاد می‌گردد که مدیریت و بهبود ویژگی‌های خاک شامل: جمعیت قارچ‌های حل کننده فسفات، CEC، نسبت جمعیت میکروارگانیسم‌های حل‌کننده فسفات و EC نیز مورد توجه قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of land use changes on soil organic carbon and determination of the affecting soil factors on it in a bio-sequence (Case study: Jazink region of Sistan plain)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farahnaz Akbari-Shahriari 1
  • Naser boroomand 2
  • Ali Shahriari 3
  • Ebrahim Shirmohammadi 4
  • Bahman Fazeli-Nasab 5
1 M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.
2 Associate Prof., Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
3 Assistant Prof., Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
4 Corresponding Author, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
5 Instructor, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agriculture Institute, Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objective: Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the most important components of soils that affects other characteristics of soil. SOC is also influenced by other soil characteristics. Studies showed that change in land use from pasture and forest to agriculture decreased SOC. However, this is not always true and it depends on various factors, especially the methods of organic matter management in the farm. This study was conducted with the aims of investigating the effect of changes in land use from forest and pasture to agriculture on the level of SOC and determining direct and indirect effects of soil characteristics on SOC in a bio-sequence of Sistan plain.
Materials and methods: The studied bio-sequence was located in Jezink region, by the Hirmand river in the northeast of the Sistan plain and in the southwest of the border of Iran and Afghanistan. In November 2016, a total of 25 soil samples (5 soil samples from each vegetation) was collected by supervised randomized manner from the depth of 0-20 cm of each of places that had dense vegetation of Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima (the forest covers), of Desmostachiya bipinnata and Suaeda vermiculata (the pasture covers), and the crop of Triticum aestivum (‌with 15 years old land use change). Then, 28 physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil including percentage of SOC were measured and calculated. Statistical analysis of data in the form of completely randomized design, comparison of average SOC data with the least significant difference test, Pearson correlation between the measured soil characteristics, and stepwise regression analysis to identify significant effective factors on the changes SOC was performed by Statistix10 software. Then by path analysis the direct and indirect effects of those characteristics on the amount of SOC was calculated by Path 2 software.
Results: Changes in the population of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria 37%, phosphate-solubilizing fungi 44%, total phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms 39%, bacteria 51%, fungi 46%, total microorganisms 51%; and also the changes in the amounts of organic carbon 39%, clay 68%, silt 71%, sand 81%, electrical conductivity (EC) 37%, sodium 56%, potassium 81%, nitrogen 67%, calcium 56% and magnesium 37% were affected by vegetation covers. The highest SOC was measured in vegetation cover of P. euphratica with a value of 1.24%. P. euphratica had organic carbon 2.21, 1.69, 1.94 and 1.86 times more than that of T. aestivum, D. bipinnata, S. vermiculata and T. ramosissima respectively. However, there was no significant difference in organic matter between vegetation covers of T. aestivum, T. ramosissima, D. bipinnata and S. vermiculata. SOC had the strongest positive (r=0.63) and negative (r=-0.60) significant (P≤0.01) correlation coefficients with the population of phosphate-solubilizing fungi and the sodium concentration of the soil solution, respectively. Also, based on the results of stepwise regression analysis and path analysis, the population of phosphate-solubilizing fungi and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were, respectively, the most effective positive influencing factors. The population ratio of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms on the total microorganisms, as well as soil EC, were respectively the most effective factors negatively influencing the percentage of SOC in the study area.
Conclusion: In general, the most sensitive land use to changes is P. euphratica forest. Therefore, in order to improve soil quality and increase carbon storage in arid and semi-arid regions, in addition to maintaining and developing P. euphratica forest cover, it is suggested that the management and improvement of soil characteristics include: the population of phosphate-solubilizing fungi, CEC, The population ratio of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and EC should also be considered.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Vegetation cover
  • Path analysis
  • Agriculture
  • Soil organic matter
  • Landscape

مراجع

1.Kopittke, P.M., Menzies, N.W., Wang, P., McKenna, B.A., and Lombi, E. 2019. Soil and the intensification of agriculture for global food security. Environment International. 132: 105078.
2.Fu, A., Cai, Y., Sun, T., and Li, F. 2021. Estimating the Impact of Land Cover Change on Soil Erosion Using Remote Sensing and GIS Data by USLE Model and Scenario Design. Hindawi. 6633428: 1-10.
3.Delelegn, Y.T., Purahong, W., Blazevic, A., Yitaferu, B., Wubet, T., Göransson, H., and Godbold, D.L. 2017. Changes in land use alter soil quality and aggregate stability in the highlands of northern Ethiopia. Scientific Reports. 7: 13602.
4.Panday, D., Ojha, R.B., Chalise, D., Das, S., and Twanabasu, B. 2019. Spatial variability of soil properties underdifferent land use in the Dang district of Nepal. Cogent Food and Agriculture. 5: 1600460.
5.Assefa, F., Elias, E., Soromessa, T., and Ayele, G.T. 2020. Effect of Changes in Land-Use Management Practices on Soil Physicochemical Properties in Kabe Watershed, Ethiopia. Air, Soil and Water Research. 13: 1-16.
6.Szoboszlay, M., Dohrmann, A.B., Poeplau, C., Don, A., and Tebbe, C.C. 2017. Impact of land-use change and soil organic carbonquality on microbial diversity in soils across Europe. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 12: 93.
7.Bakhshandeh, E., Hossieni, M., Zeraatpisheh, M., and Francaviglia, R. 2019. Land use change effects on soil quality and biological fertility: A case study in northern Iran. 95: 103119.
8.Willy, D.K., Muyanga, M., Mbuvi, J., and Jayne, T. 2019. The effect of land use change on soil fertility parameters in densely populated areas of Kenya. Geoderma. 343: 254-262.
9.Sabina, Y., Eshara, J., Md. Ashik, M., Mominul, A.K.M.I., Md. Parvez, A., Md. Harun, O.R., and Sirinapa, C. 2020. Effect of land use on organic carbon storage potential of soils with contrasting native organic matter content. International Journal of Agronomy. 8042961: 1-9.
10.Andrade, E.M., Valbrun, W., Almeida, A.M.M., Rosa, G., and Silva, A.G.R. 2020. Land-use effect on soil carbon and nitrogen stock in a seasonally dry tropical forest. Agronomy. 10: 158.
11.Scharlemann, J.P.W., Tanner, E., Hiederer, R., and Kapos, V. 2014. Global soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool, Carbon management, 5: 1. 81-91.
12.FAO and ITPS. 2015. Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR) – Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy.
13.Tifafi, M., Guenet, B., and Hatté, C. 2018. Large differences in global and regional total soil carbon stock estimates based on Soil Grids, HWSD, and NCSCD: Inter comparison and evaluation based on field data from USA, England, Wales, and France. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 32: 1. 42-56.
14.Batjes, N.H. 2019. Technologically achievable soil organic carbon sequestration in world croplands and grasslands. Land degradation and development. 30: 1. 25-32.
15.Plaza, C., Zaccone, C., Sawicka, K., Mendez, A.M., Tarquis, A., Gasco, G., Heuvelink, G.B.M., Schuur, E.A.G., and Maestre, F.T. 2018. Soil resources and element stocks in drylands to face global issues. Scientific Reports. 8: 13788.
16.Kane, D. 2015. Carbon Sequestration Potential on Agricultural Lands: A Review of Current Science and Available Practices. National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition Breakthrough Strategies and Solutions, LLC.
17.Vaneeckhaute, C., Ghekiere, G., Michels, E., Vanrolleghem, P.A., Tack, F.M.G., and Meers, E. 2014. Assessing Nutrient Use Efficiency and Environmental Pressure of Macronutrients in Biobased Mineral Fertilizers: A Review of Recent Advances and Best Practices at Field Scale. Advances in Agronomy. 128: 137-180.
18.Rojas, M.M., Erickson, T.E., Dixon, K.W., and Merritt, D.J. 2016. Soil quality indicators to assess functionality of restored soils in degraded semiarid ecosystems. Restoration Ecology. pp. 1-10.
19.Jendoubi, D., Liniger, H., and Speranza, C.I. 2019. Impacts of land use and topography on soil organic carbon in a Mediterranean landscape (north-western Tunisia). Soil. 5: 239-251.
20.Kerr, D.D., and Ochsner, T.E. 2020. Soil organic carbon more strongly related to soil moisture than soil temperature in temperate grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 84: 587-596.
21.Piaszczyk, W., Lasota, J., and Błonska, E. 2020. Effect of organic matter released from deadwood at different decomposition stages on physical properties of forest soil. Forests. 11: 24.
22.Fu, C., Chen, Z., Wang, G., Yu, X., and Yu, G. 2021. A comprehensive frame work for evaluating the impact of land use change and management on soil organic carbon stocks in global drylands. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 48: 103-109.
23.Thiele-Brunh, S., Bloem, J., de Vries, F. T., Kalbitz, K., and Wagg, C. 2012. Linking soil biodiversity and agricultural soil management. Environmental Sustainability. 4: 523-528.
24.Powlson, D., ZuCong, C., and Lemanceau, P. 2015. Soil Carbon: Science, Management and Policy for Multiple Benefits. Soil carbon dynamics and nutrient cycling. Chapter. 7: 1-98.
25.FAO. 2017. Soil Organic Carbon: the hidden potential. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy. pp. 1-76.
26.Smith, P., Soussana, J.F., Angers, D., Schipper, L., Chenu, C., Rasse, D.P., ... and Klumpp, K. 2019. How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal. Global Change Biology. 26: 1. 219-241.
27.Montanarella, L., and Panagos, P. 2021. The relevance of sustainable soil management within the European Green Deal. Land Use Policy. 100: 104950.
28.Ngugi, R.K., and Nyariki, D.M. 2005. Rural livelihoods in the arid and semi-arid environments of Kenya: Sustainable alternatives and challenges. Agriculture and Human Values. 22: 65-71.
29.Arunrat, N., Pumijumnong, N., Sereenonchai, S., and Chareonwong, U. 2020. Factors controlling soil organic carbon sequestration of highland agricultural areas in the Mae Chaem Basin, Northern Thailand. Agronomy. 10: 305.
30.Ayoubi, S., Mirbagheri, Z., and Mosaddeghi, M.R. 2020. Soil organic carbon physical fractions and aggregate stability influenced by land use in humid region of northern Iran. International Agrophysics. 34: 343-353.
31.Lawrence, C.R., Harden, J.W., Xu, X., Schulz, M.S., and Trumbore, S.E. 2015. Long-term controls on soil organic carbon with depth and time: A case study from the Cowlitz River Chronosequence, WA USA. Geoderma. 247-248: 73-87.
32.Gubler, A., Wächter, D., Schwab, P., Müller, M., and Keller, A. 2019. Twenty-five years of observations of soil organic carbonin Swiss croplands showing stability overall but with some divergent trends. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 191: 277.
33.Devi, A.S. 2021. Influence of trees and associated variables on soil organic carbon: a review. Journal of Ecology and Environment. 45: 5.
34.Silhavy, R., Silhavy, P., and Prokopova, Z. 2017. Analysis and selection of a regression model for the Use Case Points method using a stepwise approach. The Journal of Systems and Software. 125: 1-14.
35.Zhang, P., Wang, J., Jiang, L., Zhou, T., Yan, X., Yuan, L., and Chen, W. 2020. Influence analysis and stepwise regression of coal mechanical parameters on uniaxial compressive strength sased on orthogonal testing method. Energies. 13: 3640.
36.Egerer, M.H., Liere, H., Lin, B.B., Jha, S. Bichier, P., and Philpott. S.M. 2018. Herbivore regulation in urban agroecosystems: Direct and indirect effects. Basic and Applied Ecology. 29: 44-54.
37.Shirmohammadi, E., Alikhani, H.A., Pourbabaei, A.A., and Etesami, H. 2020. Improved phosphorus (P) uptake and yield of rainfed wheat fedwith P fertilizer by drought-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonads strains: a field study in drylands. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. pp. 1-17.
38.Whitney, J.W. 2006. Geology, water, and wind in the lower Helmand Basin, southern Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report. pp. 2006-5182.
39.Miri, A., Maleki, S., and Middleton, N. 2021. An investigation into climatic and terrestrial drivers of dust storms in the Sistan region of Iran in the early twenty-first century. Science of the Total Environment. 757: 143952.
40.Miri, A., Moghaddamnia, A., Pahlavanravi, A., and Panjehkeh, N., 2010. Dust storm frequency after the 1999 drought in the Sistan region, Iran. Climate Research. 41: 1. 83-90.
41.Rashki, A., Rautenbach, deW.C.J., Eriksson, P.G., Kaskaoutis, D.G., and Gupta, P. 2013. Temporal changes of particulate concentration in the ambient air over the city of Zahedan, Iran. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health. 6: 123-135.
42.SSSA. 2002. Soil Science Society of America, 677 S. Segoe Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods. SSSA Book Series, No. 5.
43.SSSA and ASA. 1996. Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods-SSSA Book Series No. 5.
44.SSSA. 1994. Soil Science Society of America, 677 S. Segoe Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Microbiological and Biochemical Properties. SSSA Book Series, No. 5.
45.Zhou, X.G., and Everts, K.L. 2007. Effects of Host Resistance and Inoculum Density on the Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon Induced by Hairy Vetch. Plant Disease. 91: 1. 92-96.
46.Pikovskaya, R.I. 1948. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil connection with the vital activity of some microbial species. Microbiologiya 17: 362-370.
47.Xiang, Y., Liu, Y., Yue, X., Yao, B., Zhang, L., He, J., Luo, Y., Xu, X., and Zong, J. 2021. Factors controlling soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks following afforestation with Robinia pseudoacacia on cropland across China. Forest Ecology and Management. 494: 119274.
48.Liu, J., Dang, P., Gao, Y., Zhu, H., Zhu, H., Zhao, F., and Zhao, Z. 2018. Effects of tree species and soil properties on the composition and diversity of the soil bacterial community following afforestation. Forest Ecology and Management. 427: 342-349.
49.Liu, X., Yang, T., Wang, Q., Huang, F., and Li, L. 2018. Dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks after afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment. 618: 1658-1664.
50.James, R.A., Rivelli, A.R., Munns, R., and von Caemmerer, S. 2002. Factors affecting CO2 assimilation, leaf injury and growth in salt stressed durum wheat. Functional Plant Biology. 29: 1393-1403.
51.Shi, H., Shi, Q., Zhou, X., Imin, B., Li, H., Zhang, W., and Kahaer, Y. 2021. Effect of the competition mechanism of between co-dominant species on the ecological characteristics of Populus euphratica under a water gradient in a desert oasis. Global Ecology and Conservation. 27: e01611.
52.Haichar, F.Z., Marol, C., Berge, O., Rangel-Castro, J.I., Prosser, J.I., Balesdent, J., Heulin, T., and Achouak, W. 2008. Plant host habitat and root exudates shape soil bacterial community structure. ISME Journal, 2: 1221-1230.
53.Meimaroglou, N., and Mouzakis, C. 2019. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), texture, consistency and organic matter in soil assessment for earth construction: The case of earth mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 221: 27-39.
54.Xu, Y., Shen, Q., and Ran, W. 2003. Content and distribution of forms of organic N in soil and particle size fractions after long-term fertilization. Chemosphere. 50:6. 739-45.
55.Vikram, A., Alagawadi, A.R., Hamzehzarghani, V., and Krishnaraj, P.U. 2007. Factors related to the occurrence of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their isolation in vertisols. International Journal of Agricultural Research. 2: 571-580.
56.Etesami, H., and Maheshwari, D.K. 2018. Use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) with multiple plant growth promoting traits in stress agriculture: Action mechanisms and future prospects. Ecotoxic and Environ Safe. 156: 225-246.
57.Saxena, J., Minaxi and Jha, A. 2014. Impact of a phosphate solubilizing bacterium and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus etunicatum) on growth, yield and P concentration in wheat plants. CLEAN - Soil Air Water. 42: 9. 1248-1252.
58.Ceci, A., Pinzari, F., Russo, F., Maggi, O., and Persiani, A.M. 2018. Saprotrophic soil fungi to improve phosphorus solubilisation and release: In vitro abilities of several species. Ambio. 47: 1. 30-40.
59.Delfim, J., Schoebitz, M., Paulino, L., Hirzel, J., and Zagal, E. 2018. Phosphorus availability in wheat, in volcanic soils inoculated with phosphate- solubilizing Bacillus thuringiensis. Sustainability. 10: 144.
60.Cotrufo, M.F., and Lavallee, J.M. 2022. Chapter One - Soil organic matter formation, persistence, and functioning: A synthesis of current understanding to inform its conservation and regeneration. Advances in Agronomy. 172: 1-66.
61.Santos, T.B., Ribas, A.F., Souza, S.G.H., Budzinski, I.G.F., and Domingues, D.S. 2022. Physiological Responses to Drought, Salinity, and Heat Stress in Plants: A Review. Stresses. 2: 1. 113-135.
مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 30، شماره 1
فروردین 1402
صفحه 131-150

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار