برآورد حجم آب تلف شده ناشی از ضایعات محصولات سیب‌زمینی و گوجه‌فرنگی (مطالعه موردی: مزارع شهرستان اصفهان )

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده عمران و حمل و نقل، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده مهندسی عمران و حمل و نقل، دانشگاه اصفهان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: برای اطلاع از حجم آب مصرفی در تولید محصولات مختلف از مفهوم ردپای آب استفاده می‌شود. با توجه به این‌که دو محصول سیب‌زمینی و گوجه‌فرنگی در مقیاس کشوری دارای بیشترین میزان ضایعات در قیاس با سایر محصولات زراعی هستند، لذا در این پژوهش میزان ضایعات مرحله برداشت این دو محصول، در چهار مزرعه واقع در شهرستان اصفهان و در دو روش آبیاری مورد بررسی و محاسبه قرار گرفت. در نهایت و با به‌کارگیری ردپای آب، حجم آب تلف ‌شده ناشی از ضایعات محصولات مذکور محاسبه گردید.
مواد و روش: در تحقیق حاضر، ابتدا دبی آب ورودی به هر مزرعه اندازه‌گیری و به‌کمک برنامه آبیاری مزارع مربوطه، حجم آبیاری ناخالص محصولات برآورد گردید. سپس با استفاده از نرم‌افزار کراپ‌وات و به کمک داده‌های هواشناسی ایستگاه‌های نزدیک به منطقه مورد پژوهش (شرق اصفهان و کبوترآباد)، نیاز آبیاری خالص محصولات تعیین شد. در ادامه با به‌کارگیری روش توزین، عملکرد محصولات و وزن محصولات تلف شده تعیین گردید. در نهایت، ردپای آب برای هر محصول محاسبه و حجم آب تلف شده ناشی از ضایعات آن‌ها برآورد گردید.
یافته‌ها: مطابق نتایج این تحقیق، متوسط تلفات محصولات سیب‌زمینی و گوجه‌فرنگی در مرحله برداشت، به ترتیب برابر با 1.3±4.8 و 0.8±8.5 درصد از کل برداشت آن‌ها برآورد شد. مقدار ردپای آب کل برای محصول سیب‌زمینی در روش آبیاری غرقابی و قطره‌ای به ترتیب برابر با 277.8 و 129.7 متر مکعب بر تن بوده و این در حالی است که مقدار ردپای آب کل برای محصول گوجه‌فرنگی به همان ترتیب برابر با 145.1 و 175.2 متر مکعب بر تن بوده است.
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس درصد تلفات محصولات سیب‌زمینی و گوجه‌فرنگی و به‌کارگیری متوسط ردپای آب کل آن‌ها و همچنین، با توجه به تولید سالانه محصولات مذکور در اصفهان و نیز کشور، متوسط حجم آب تلف شده ناشی از ضایعات این دو محصول و فقط در مرحله برداشت، برابر با 4.2 (حداقل 2.9 و حداکثر 5.7) و 128 (حداقل 102 و حداکثر 152.9) میلیون متر مکعب در سال به ترتیب در اصفهان و کشور برآورد می‌شود. این در حالی است که بر اساس کل ضایعات این دو محصول از مرحله برداشت تا مصرف، متوسط حجم آب تلف شده ناشی از آن‌ها به همان ترتیب برابر با 17.4 (حداقل 11.5 و حداکثر 23.2) و482 (حداقل 380.3 و حداکثر 583.6) میلیون متر مکعب در سال تخمین زده می‌شود، لذا مدیریت آب تلف شده ناشی از ضایعات محصولات زراعی در مدیریت منابع آب تخصیص یافته به بخش کشاورزی حائز اهمیت است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Estimation of water losses volume due to waste of potato and tomato crops (Case study: Isfahan city fields)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amirhosein Attaran 1
  • Ali Dehnavi 2
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
2 Department of Civil Engineering,, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The concept of water footprint is used to know the volume of water used in the production of various crops. Considering that the two potato and tomato crops on a Country scale, have the highest amount of waste compared to other crops, Therefore, in this study, the harvest stage losses of these two crops were studied in four fields located in Isfahan and in two irrigation methods. Finally, using water footprint, the volume of water lost due to waste of the mentioned products was calculated.
Materials and methods: In the present study, first, the inflow of water to each field was measured and the gross irrigation volume of the crops was estimated using the irrigation program of the relevant fields. Then, using CROPWAT software and Climate data of stations close to the study area (east of Isfahan and Kabutarabad), the net irrigation requirement of crops was determined. Then, using the weighing method, the yield of products and the weight of lost crops were determined. Finally, water footprint was calculated for each crop and the volume of water lost due to their waste was estimated.
Results: According to the results of this study, the average losses of potato and tomato crops in the harvest stage are estimated to be 4.8 ± 1.3 and 8.5 ± 0.8 percent of their total harvest, respectively. The total water footprint of potato crop in furrow and drip irrigation method is equal to 277.8 and 129.7 (m3 ton-1), respectively, while the amount of total water footprint for tomato crop is equal to 145.1 and 175.2 (m3 ton-1).
Conclusion: Based on the percentage of losses of potato and tomato crops and the average use of their total water footprint and also, according to the annual production of these crops in Isfahan and the country, the average volume of water lost due to waste of these two crops and only in Harvest stage is estimated to be 4.2 (minimum 2.9 and maximum 5.7) and 128 (minimum 102 and 152.9) Mm3 year-1 in Isfahan and the country, respectively. However, based on the total waste of these two crops from harvest to consumption, the average volume of water lost due to them is equal to 17.4 (minimum 11.5 and maximum 23.2) and 482 (minimum 380.3 and maximum 583.6) Mm3 year-1 is estimated, so the management of waste water from crop waste is important in the management of water resources allocated to the agricultural sector.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crop losses
  • Water losses in agriculture
  • water management
  • water footprint
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