بررسی تغییرات مشخصه‌های میکروبی خاک در اثر تغییر در نوع و مدت زمان کاربری (مطالعه موردی: مراتع چهار دانگه کیاسرمازندران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

2 دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: شیو‌ه‌های مدیریت از جمله تغییر کاربری اراضی یکی از مولفه‌های اصلی تغییرات جهانی است که با تغییر در جوامع میکروبی (با توجه به نقشی که در تجزیه مواد آلی و معدنی شدن مواد غذایی دارند) فرآیند، ساختار و عملکرد اکوسیستم را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهند. تغییرات در مشخصه‌های زیستی خاک ناشی از تغییر کاربری اراضی و شیوه مدیریت ممکن است منجر به تغییرات مهم در پویایی کربن آلی و تنفس میکروبی خاک شود و بر چرخه مواد غذایی و رشد گیاه اثرگذار باشد. بنابراین برای درک بهتر مدیریت انسانی بر چرخه کربن ، درک همبستگی بین ویژگی‎های میکروبی خاک در طول تغییرات کاربری زمین ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.
مواد و روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی پویایی زمانی مشخصه‌های میکروبی خاک در طی تغییرکاربری مراتع اطراف شهرستان کیاسر چهاردانگه مازندران انجام شد. برای این منظور در این حوضه، رویشگاه‌های مورد مطالعه شامل روستای اروست دارای مراتع تبدیل شده به اراضی کشاورزی (جو) و باغی (سیب و گردو) با سن بیشتر از 30 سال، با یک مرتع شاهد، روستای واوسر با مراتع تبدیل شده به اراضی کشاورزی (جو) و باغی (سیب و گردو) با سن بیشتر از 20 سال با یک مرتع شاهد و همچنین مراتع تبدیل شده به کاربری باغی (سیب و گردو) کمتر از 10 سال، و روستای ارا با مراتع تبدیل شده به اراضی کشاورزی (جو) با سن کمتر از 10 سال با یک مرتع شاهد بود.. نمونه‌برداری از خاک در هرکاربری، به‌صورت تصادفی سیستماتیک از عمق 30-0 سانتیمتری انجام گرفت. در مجموع 10 نمونه خاک از هر کاربری تهیه و جهت تجزیه مشخصه‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک همانند بافت، وزن مخصوص ظاهری، درصد محتوای رطوبت، کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، فسفر قابل جذب، اسیدیته و مشخصه‌های میکروبی شامل تنفس میکروبی، تنفس برانگیخته، کربن، نیتروژن و فسفر زی‌توده میکروبی خاک، ضریب متابولیکی، شاخص قابلیت دسترسی به کربن و سهم میکروبی به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین میزان از مشخصه‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی (به جز درصد شن و سیلت و وزن مخصوص ظاهری، اسیدیته و نسبت کربن به نیتروژن) و مشخصه‌های میکروبی خاک (به‌جز ضریب متابولیکی، شاخص قابلیت دسترسی به کربن، سهم میکروبی و نسبت زی‌توده کربن به زی‌توده نیتروژن) متعلق به کاربری‌های باغی با سنین بالاتر از 20 و 30 ساله بود. تحلیل مولفه‌های اصلی (PCA) بیانگرآن است که در طول زمان، فعالیت میکروبی و حاصلخیزی بیشتر خاک درکاربری‌های باغ با سنین بیشتر از 20 و 30 سال بوده و موقعیت مکانی کاملا متفاوتی را نشان می‌دهند. به‌طور کلی نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که تغییرپذیری کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، اسیدیته و محتوای رطوبت خاک در دراز مدت سبب افزایش در مقدار تنفس میکروبی (تنفس پایه و تنفس برانگیخته) کربن، نیتروژن و فسفر زی‌توده میکروبی خاک شدند. درصورتی که ضریب متابولیکی در کاربری باغ با سن کمتر از 10 سال و مرتع شاهد برای اراضی با سن بیشتر از 20 سال، همچنین سهم میکروبی در کاربری مرتع شاهد برای اراضی با سن کمتر از ده سال دارای بیشترین مقدار بودند این در حالی است که شاخص قابلیت دسترسی به کربن تفاوت معنی‌داری را بین کاربری با سنین مختلف را نشان نداد.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طور کلی نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که مشخصه‌های خاکی درکاربری‌های باغی با سنین بالاتراز وضعیت بهتری برخودار بودند همچنین تغییرپذیری در خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک در طول زمان سبب تغییر مشخصه‌های میکروبی خاک شد. بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌شود انجام مطالعات طولانی مدت و اتخاذ استراتژی‌های مدیریتی جهت کاهش عدم قطعیت و تخمین نرخ ذخیره کربن آلی اکوسیستم‌ها که بی ارتباط با مشخصه‌های میکروبی خاک نیست، در طول تغییرکاربری اراضی لازم و ضروری به‌نظر می‌رسد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of changes in soil microbial characteristics due to changes in the type and land use age (Case study: Kiasar Mazandaran rangelands)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Leila Zandi 1
  • Zeinab Jafarian 1
  • Ataollah Kavian 1
  • Yahya Kooch 2
1 Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
2 Tarbiat modares University
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives:Management practices such as land use change is one of the main components of global change that affects the process, structure and function of ecosystems by changing microbial communities (due to their role in the decomposition of organic matter and food mineralization(.Changes in soil biological characteristics due to land use change and management practices may lead to significant changes in soil organic carbon dynamics, soil microbial respiration and affect nutrient cycle and plant growth. Therefore, to better understand human management on carbon cycle, it seems necessary to understand the correlation between soil microbial properties during land use change.
Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal dynamics of soil microbial characteristics during land use change in rangelands around Kiasar Chahardangeh city of Mazandaran. For this purpose, in this basin, the studied habitats were including Erost village with pastures turned into agricultural lands (barley) and orchards (apples and walnuts) with an age of more than 30 years, with a control pasture, Vavsar village with pastures turned into lands. Agriculture (barley) and orchard (apple and walnut) with an age of more than 20 years and also rangelands converted to garden use (apple and walnut) less than 10 years, with a control rangeland and Ara village with rangelands converted into agricultural land (Barley) less than 10 years old with a pasture. Soil sampling in each land use was done systematically randomly from two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm.
In total, nine soil samples from land
uses were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of soil physico-chemical characteristics including texture, bulk density, moisture content, organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH and microbial characteristics including Basal respiration, Substrate induced respiration, Microbial biomass carbon, Microbial biomass nitrogen and Microbial biomass phosphorus, qCO2, microbial ratio and carbon capability index.
Results: The results showed that the highest amount of physicochemical characteristics (except sand and silt percentage and bulk density, pH and C/N) and soil microbial characteristics (qCO2, microbial ratio and carbon capability index and MBC/MBN) at both depths and mean depths belonged to orchard land uses older than 20 and 30 years. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicates that over time, higher values of microbial activity and soil fertility in the orchard uses are older than 20 and 30 years with a completely different location on the axis. In general, the results of this study showed that the variability of organic carbon, total nitrogen, acidity and soil moisture content in the long run caused an increase in microbial respiration rate (Basal respiration and Substrate induced respiration), While the qCO2 in the orchard less than 10 years old and control rangeland for lands older than 20 years, also the microbial ratio in the control rangeland for lands less than ten years old had the highest value, while the carbon capability index showed no significant difference between users of different ages.
Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that soil characteristics in orchard uses with older ages were in a better condition. Also, variability in soil physicochemical properties changed the microbial characteristics of the soil over time. Therefore, it is suggested that long-term studies and management strategies to reduce uncertainty and estimate the rate of organic carbon pool of ecosystems, which are not unrelated to soil microbial characteristics, are considered necessary during land use change.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Carbon pool
  • temporal dimension
  • microbial respiration
  • microbial characteristics
  • land use

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 28، شماره 2
تیر 1400
صفحه 103-121

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