تأثیر ورمی‌کولیت، بنتونیت و زئولیت بر میزان تبخیر و منحنی رطوبتی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، رشته آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشگاه شهرکرد

2 گروه مهندسی آب دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهرکرد

3 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه شهرکرد

4 دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه شهرکرد

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کمبود آب به‌ویژه در مناطق خشک مهم‌ترین مشکل توسعه کشاورزی است. بنابراین بررسی راهکارهای افزایش بهره-وری آب باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد. ارائه‌ی راه‌هایی برای کنترل و کاهش تبخیر از خاک می‌تواند راهکاری مناسب برای افزایش کارایی مصرف آب باشد. تبخیر از سطح خاک را می‌توان عمده‌ترین بخش از اجزای بیلان آب در مناطق خشک دانست که باعث هدر رفت آب می‌شود، یکی از راه‌های کنترل و کاهش تبخیر از خاک، استفاده از مواد اصلاح‌کننده طبیعی خاک می‌باشد. از این‌رو این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر سه اصلاح‌کننده بنتونیت، ورمی‌کولیت و زئولیت بر میزان و شدت تبخیر از سطح خاک در یک دوره‌ی 4 ماهه از تیر تا مهر انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به‌صورت طرح کاملا تصادفی با 10 تیمار و در سه تکرار در دانشگاه شهرکرد انجام گرفت. تیمارهای مورد بررسی در این پژوهش، شامل 3 نوع اصلاح کننده طبیعی خاک (بنتونیت، ورمی‌کولیت و زئولیت) و هر کدام در سه نسبت وزنی 5/0، 1 و 2 درصد به همراه یک تیمار شاهد (خاک بدون ماده اصلاح کننده با بافت لوم) می‌باشند. انتخاب این درصدها بر این مبنا بود که نتایج به دلایل اقتصادی و عملی بودن اجرا، قابل توصیه برای سطوح و اراضی وسیع کشاورزی نیز باشند. در مرحله بعد با اندازه-گیری مقدار آب ورودی و مقدار زه‌آب خروجی هر گلدان و با استفاده از رابطه بیلان آب مقدار تبخیر اندازه‌گیری شد. میزان رطوبت نیز با دستگاه رطوبت‌سنج و در دو عمق‌ 5 و 15 سانتی‌متری اندازه‌گیری شد. در نهایت منحنی رطوبتی خاک برای هر تیمار و با استفاده از دستگاه صفحات فشاری، ترسیم و مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد در بین سه ماده مورد بررسی بیشترین میزان کاهش در تبخیر از خاک مربوط به بنتونیت می‌باشد. دو اصلاح‌کننده ورمی‌کولیت و زئولیت نیز تبخیر را بصورت معنی‌داری نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش دادند ولی نسبت به هم تفاوت معنی-داری نشان ندادند. در بین تیمارهای مورد بررسی نیز بیشترین تاثیر کاهشی بر مقدار تبخیر در تیمار 2 درصد بنتونیت مخلوط با خاک و کمترین میزان تاثیر نیز در تیمار زئولیت 5/0 درصد مشاهد شد این تیمار تفاوت معنی‌داری با شاهد نشان نداد ولی تیمار 2 درصد بنتونیت، 4/6 درصد میزان تبخیر را نسبت به شاهد کاهش داد. نتایج میزان رطوبت خاک در تیمارها برعکس نتایج تبخیر بود، در تیمارهایی که میزان تبخیر کمتر می‌باشد، میزان رطوبت خاک افزایش یافته است. با توجه به تاثیر معنی‌دار سه اصلاح‌کننده مورد بررسی بر میزان رطوبت خاک، منحنی رطوبتی خاک نیز در تیمارهای مورد بررسی نسبت به شاهد دچار تغییر شده است. بیشترین مقدار افزایش رطوبت در مکش معادل FC، در تیمار 2 درصد بنتونیت و معادل 8/4 درصد بیشتر از مقدار رطوبت تیمار شاهد بدست آمد.
نتیجه گیری: استفاده از مواد اصلاحی طبیعی خاک ضمن جلوگیری از آلوده شدن خاک، به اصلاح ساختمان خاک در جهت کاهش تبخیر نیز کمک می‌کند. با توجه به اینکه از بین سه ماده اصلاحی مورد استفاده در این پژوهش، بیشترین مقدار تاثیر بر کاهش تبخیر و افزایش رطوبت خاک، مربوط به بنتونیت 2 درصد بود، بنابراین می‌توان این ماده را برای کاهش تبخیر از خاک با بافت لوم توصیه نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Vermiculite, Bentonite and Zeolite on Evaporation and Soil Characteristic Moisture Curve

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elham Amani 1
  • Ahmad Reza Ghasemi 2
  • Mohammad Reza Nouri 3
  • Hamid Reza Motaghian 4
1 M.S. Student of Irrigation Drainage, Shahrekord University
2 Water engineering Department, shahrekord University
3 Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Shahrekord University
4 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, University Shahrekord
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Water scarcity is the most important problem in agricultural development, especially in arid areas. Therefore, the study of strategies to increase water use efficiency must be considered. Providing methods to control and reduce soil evaporation can be a suitable way to increase water use efficiency. Soil surface Evaporation can be considered as the main part of water balance components in arid areas that cause water wastage. One of the ways to control and reduce evaporation from the soil is to use natural amendments. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of three minerals including bentonite, vermiculite and zeolite on the amount and intensity of evaporation from the soil surface in a period of 4 months from Tir (July) to Mehr (October).
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and three replications at Shahrekord University. The studied treatments in this research include 3 types of natural amendments (bentonite, vermiculite and zeolite) at three levels of 0.5, 1 and 2% with a control treatment (soil without any amendment). These natural minerals were mixed in soil of whole pots. The amount of evaporation was measured by measuring the amount of irrigation water of each pot and outlet water of them and based on the water balance equation. Moisture content was measured with a hygrometer at two depths of 5 and 15 cm. Finally, the soil moisture characteristic curve for each treatment by using of pressure plate was obtained and compared.
Results: The results showed that among the three studied minerals, the highest reduction in soil evaporation was related to bentonite. The two minerals vermiculite and zeolite also significantly reduced evaporation compared to the control treatment, but the difference between them was not significant. Among the studied treatments, the highest reduction effect on evaporation was observed in 2% bentonite mixed with soil and the lowest effect was observed in 0.5% zeolite treatment. This treatment did not show a significant difference with the control, but 2% bentonite treatment significantly reduced the rate of evaporation compared to the control by 6.4%. The results the soil moisture in the treatments was the opposite of the evaporation results. In the treatments where the evaporation rate was lower, the moisture content increased. Due to the significant effect of the three minerals on the soil moisture, the soil moisture curve in the studied treatments has also changed compared to the control.
Conclusion: The use of natural soil amendment in addition to preventing soil contamination, helps to improve soil structure to reduce evaporation. Overall, due to the highest effect of using 2% bentonite on significant decreasing of soil evaporation therefore, this soil amendment can be recommended to control of evaporation from soil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Vermiculite
  • Bentonite
  • Zeolite
  • Evaporation
  • Soil Characteristic Moisture Curve

مراجع

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 28، شماره 2
تیر 1400
صفحه 83-101

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