تأثیر استفاده از آب و خاک آلوده به کادمیم بر اجزای عملکرد ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران

2 عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه شهرکرد

3 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران

4 استادیار، گروه مهندسی زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران

5 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: حفاظت از منابع آب و خاک می‌تواند نقش مهمی در سلامت محصولات کشاورزی داشته باشد. استفاده از آب‌های نامتعارف و وجود فلزات سنگین در این آب‌ها و همچنین آلودگی منابع خاک به‌واسطه ورود فلزات سنگین می‌تواند مشکلات زیادی برای کمیت و کیفیت محصولات زراعی به همراه داشته باشد. ماندگاری بالای فلزات سنگین در محیط باعث انتقال به گیاه و زنجیره مواد غذایی شده و صدمات جبران ناپذیری را به انسان، رشد گیاه، خاک و محیط زیست وارد کنند. این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی شیب تغییرات آلودگی فلز سنگین کادمیم در آب آبیاری و خاک بر شیب رشد و تجمع آن در اندام‌های ذرت دانه‌ای رقم 201 در مزرعه دانشگاه شهرکرد انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: برای این منظور آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاَ تصادفی در سه تکرار به صورت کشت گلدانی در یک خاک با بافت لوم ‌سیلتی اجرا شد. عامل اول غلظت کادمیم در آب آبیاری از منبع نمک نیترات کادمیم در پنج سطح (شاهد (صفر)، 01/0، 05/0، یک و دو میلی گرم بر لیتر) و عامل دوم مقدار کادمیم کل خاک ازمنبع نمک نیترات کادمیم با سه سطح (شاهد (صفر)، 10 و 50 میلی گرم در کیلوگرم خاک) در نظر گرفته شد. پس از اعمال تیمارهای کادمیم در خاک، ذرت رقم201 کشت شد و در طول دوره رشد با آب دارای سطوح مختلف کادمیمی آبیاری گردید. در پایان دوره رشد، غلظت کادمیم در اجزای مختلف گیاه (ساقه، برگ و دانه)، خاک و همچنین عملکرد نسبی ذرت تعیین شد. همچنین در زمان آزمایش مقدار تبخیر و تعرق و نیاز آبی ثبت گردید.
یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که آلودگی آب و خاک به کادمیم، اثری معنی‌دار (در سطح یک درصد) بر اجزای عملکرد شامل عملکرد دانه در واحد بوته، تعداد ردیف در بلال، تعداد دانه در ردیف، وزن خشک برگ و وزن خشک ساقه گیاه ذرت داشت، اما اثر متقابل آلودگی آب و خاک به کادمیم بر اجزای عملکرد معنی‌دار نشد. سطوح بالای کادمیم در آب و خاک، بیش‌ترین و تیمار شاهد کم‌ترین کاهش عملکرد را داشتند. نتایج نشان داد که ساقه بیش‌ترین (283/2میلی گرم در کیلوگرم) و دانه (غیرقابل تشخیص) کم‌ترین غلظت کادمیم را داشتند. در این پژوهش بیش ترین و کم‌ترین کاهش عملکرد اجزای گیاه ذرت ناشی از کاربرد سطوح مختلف کادمیم درخاک در عملکرد دانه و تعداد ردیف در بلال به ترتیب به مقدار 46/11، 51/15 و 47/2، 81/3 درصد به‌دست آمد. آلودگی آب و خاک به کادمیم اثری معنی‌داری در سطح یک درصد بر کارآیی مصرف آب در گیاه ذرت داشت. کارآیی مصرف آب ناشی از کاربرد سطوح بالای آلودگی آب و خاک، به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 45/15 و 21/17 درصد کاهش یافت.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که هر چند که میزان کادمیوم در دسترس در انتهای آزمایش در تیمارهای آلودگی‌های مختلف خاک تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشته است اما افزایش غلظت کادمیوم محلول در آب آبیاری باعث کاهش شیب رشد محصول شده است و در نتیجه کاهش عملکرد محصول نهایی شده است. به علاوه غلظت کادمیوم در ساقه و برگ نیز افزایش داشته است. بنابراین در خاک‌های با آلودگی بالاتر از سطح مجاز نیز باید آلودگی منابع دیگر مانند آب مورد توجه و بررسی قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of cadmium contamination water and soil on corn yield components

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamed Riahi Farsani 1
  • Mahdi Ghobadinia 2
  • Mohammadreza Noori Emamzadei 3
  • Abdolrazagh Danesh Shahraki 4
  • Hamidreza Motaghian 5
1 Department of Irrigation Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Irrigation Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Irrigation Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord, Iran
4 Assistance Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Iran
5 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Conservation of soil and water resources could be an important role in the health of crop. The use of wastewaters and the presence of heavy metals in these waters as well as the pollution of soil resources due to the entry of heavy metals can cause many problems for quantity and quality of crop. The high retention of heavy metals in the environment causes transfer to plants and food chains and cause irreparable damage to humans, plant growth, soil and the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination caused by the application of different amounts of heavy metal Cadmium (Cd) in irrigation water and also in soil on its growth and accumulation in organs of corn variety (cultivar) 201 in Shahrekord University farm.
Materials and Methods: To this aim, the factorial test was done based on the completely randomized design with three replicates as a pot culture with Silt Loam texture. The first factor was the addition Cd in soil from the Cd Nitrate Salt at three levels (0 (control), 10 mg/kg soil, and 50 mg/kg soil) and the second was the Cd concentration in irrigation water from Cd Nitrate Salt at five levels (0 (control), 0.01, 0.05, 1, 2 mg/L).After using Cd treatments in the soil, corn was cultivated and irrigated with water with different levels of Cd during the growing period. At the end of the growing period, the concentration of Cd in different components of the plant (stem, leaves and seed), soil as well as the relative components of corn were determined. Also, the amount of evaporation and transpiration and water requirement were recorded during the experiment.
Results: The results showed that water and soil contamination with Cd had a significant effect (at a1% level) on yield components including grain yield per plant unit, number of rows in corn, number grain at the row, dry leaf weight and dry stem weight. However, the effect of water and soil contamination with Cd was not significant on yield components. High levels of Cd in soil and water had the highest reduction in yield. The results showed that the stem had the highest (2.283mgkg-1) and the grain (undetectable) had the lowest Cd concentration. In this study, the highest and lowest yields of corn plant components due to the using of different levels of Cd in soil, in grain yield and the number of rows in corn obtained11.46%, 15.51% and 2.47%, 3.81%, respectively. Water and soil contamination with Cd had a significant effect (p < 0.05) level on water use efficiency in corn. Water use efficiency due to the using of high levels of Cd in water and soil decreased by 15.45% and 17.21%, respectively.
Conclusion: The results showed that the combined use of contaminated water and contaminated soil with Cd leads to a quantitative and qualitative reduction of corn yield. Therefore, efforts should be made to prevent the contamination of water and soil, to minimize the use of contaminated water in contaminated soil in order to protect soil resources as well as water. According to the results, the amount of Cd concentration in leaves and stem was higher than the allowable limit. Contamination of water with Cd also led to a further reduction in corn yield in contaminated soil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Absorption
  • Cadmium concentation in grain
  • Yield decrease
  • Unconventional water
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