تأثیرپذیری تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک از افزودنی نرمه ضایعاتی در کرت‌های آزمایشگاهی کوچک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

2 دانشگاه تربیت مدرّس

3 گروه صنایع چوب و کاغذ، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: فرسایش خاک یک چالش بزرگ جهانی بوده که مهار آن با استفاده از روش‌های مناسب و متناسب ضروری است. در این راستا طی سال‌های اخیر پژوهش‌های مختلفی با استفاده از افزودنی‌ها و اصلاح کننده‌های شیمیایی به‌منظور کاهش اثرات مخرب رواناب و هدررفت خاک صورت پذیرفته است. محدودیت‌های محیط زیستی، اثربخشی کم و زمان‌بر بودن، دسترسی کم و حجم زیاد مورد نیاز، کاربرد افزودنی‌ها در شکل معمول را با چالش مواجه کرده است. بنابراین به‌سبب عملکرد مناسب افزودنی‌ها در کاهش هدررفت خاک و آب، اصلاح و ارتقاء کیفیت عملکرد افزودنی‌ها اجتناب‌ناپذیر است. در حال حاضر ضایعات و پسماندهای مختلفی در صنایع مهم و از جمله چوب و کاغذ تولید می‌شود. در این خصوص می‌توان به نرمه‌ها و ذرات ریز موجود در پساب کارخانه‌های کاغذ اشاره نمود. نرمه ضایعاتی، قطعات ریزی از الیاف بوده که به‌صورت اجتناب‌ناپذیر در فرآیندهای تولید کاغذ و بازیافت آن خرد می‌شود. لذا با توجه به مشکلات ناشی از مقدار بیش از حد نرمه‌ها در فرآیند تولید کاغذ و مقوا و در عین حال قابلیت مناسب حفظ و نگه‌داری آب توسط آن‌ها به‌نظر می‌رسد که می‌توان از آن به‌عنوان یک ماده افزودنی طبیعی برای کاهش هدررفت خاک و آب استفاده نمود.
مواد و روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیرپذیری تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک از افزودنی نرمه ضایعاتی در کرت‌های آزمایشگاهی کوچک انجام شد. برای این منظور ابتدا از خاک مورد مطالعه‌ی حواشی جاده مرزن آباد-کندلوس واقع در غرب استان مازندران نمونه‌برداری صورت گرفت. خاک مورد نظر پس از هوا خشک کردن از الک دو و هشت میلی‌متری عبور داده و برای لایه بالایی کرت‌هایی با ابعاد 50 ×50 سانتی‌متر و با ارتفاع 30 سانتی‌متر قرار داده و تمامی کرت‌های مورد نظر از پایین تا عمق 18 سانتی‌متر از پوکه معدنی به‌عنوان لایه زه‌کش پر شد. افزودنی نرمه ضایعاتی به شکل مایع و پاشش یکنواخت در سه سطح 5/0، یک و 5/1 لیتر بر مترمربع و با سه تکرار به‌همراه تیمار افزودنی آب خالص و تیمار شاهد (خشک) روی 24 کرت و در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی و تحت شبیه‌سازی باران با شدت حدود 70 میلی‌متر بر ساعت و دوام 30 دقیقه انجام پذیرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که افزودنی نرمه با سه سطح 5/0، یک و 5/1 لیتر بر مترمربع، میزان رواناب تولیدی را به‌ترتیب 35-، 5- و 15+ درصد و با اختلاف غیرمعنی‌دار (05/0P>) و میزان هدررفت خاک را 47، 84 و 71 درصد و با اختلاف معنی‌دار (05/0P<) نسبت به تیمار شاهد (خشک) کاهش داده است. در واقع نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش حد بهینه استفاده از افزودنی نرمه در کاهش رواناب و هدررفت خاک را به‌ترتیب 5/1 و یک لیتر بر متر‌مربع تأیید نمود.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج پژوهش حاضر ضرورت استفاده از افزودنی‌های زیست سازگار را به‌لحاظ بهره‌گیری از پساب کارخانه‌های کاغذ و جلوگیری از ورود آن به منابع آب و خاک و هم‌چنین کاهش میزان رواناب و هدررفت خاک در مناطق حساس کشور برای زمینه‌سازی توسعه پایدار را بیان می‌دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effectability of Runoff Generation and Soil Loss from Application of Residual Fine Amendments in Small Experimental Plots

نویسندگان [English]

  • Somayeh Zare 1
  • Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi 2
  • Amir Khosravani 3
1 Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
2 Tarbiat Modares University
3 Department of Wood and Pulp Technologies, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives Soil erosion is a major global challenge that its control by appropriate and proportionate methods is necessary. In recent years, various studies have been carried out using amendments and chemical stabilizers to reduce the detrimental effects of runoff and soil erosion. Environmental problems, low efficacy and time-consuming, low availability and high volume requirements have challenged the use of amendments in the usual form. Therefore, due to the proper performance of the amendments to reduce runoff and soil loss, improving the quality of the amendment is inevitable. Nowadays, various wastes are currently produced in important industries, including wood and papermill. In this regard, the fine corrugated and small particles in the effluent of paper mills can be mentioned. Residual fine amendments is a part of fibers that are unavoidably crushed in paper production and recycling processes. Therefore, due to the problems caused by the excessive amount of fines in the process of paper production and the ability to store water in the soil, it seems that it can be used as a natural amendment to reduce runoff and soil loss.
Materials and Methods The present study was carried out to investigate the effectability of runoff generation and soil loss from fine corrugated amendments at small experimental plots. To conduct the study, the soil carried out from the marginal area of the Marzanabad-Kandalous region located in the west of Mazandaran Province. The soil was air-dried and then crossing a 3 mm sieve to put into 50 × 50 cm plots with a height of 30 cm was filled from the bottom to a depth of 18 cm of mineral pumices as a drainage layer and for the top layer of soil 2 and 8 mm. Treatments were studied at three levels of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 )L m-2 (and each with three replications in liquid form and uniform spraying on 18 plots with pure water additive and control (dry) and in laboratory scale under rainfall simulation was performed with intensity of some 70 )mm h-1 (and duration of 30 minutes.
Results The results showed that use of fine amendment with three levels of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 )L m-2 (decreased runoff volumes (p>0.05) and soil losses (p<0.05) of -35, -5, and +15; 47, 84, and 71 % compared to those of the treated plots by fine, respectively.
Discussion and Conclusion The results of this study show that the application of biocompatible amendment from wastewater of papermills is recommended to prevent entering into the water and soil resources in order to reduce runoff generation and soil losses in sensitive areas of the country facilitating sustainable development. It further leads to reduce runoff generation and soil losses in sensitive areas of the country facilitating sustainable development.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Papermill Sludge
  • Soil Amendment
  • Runoff Management
  • Soil loss Control
  • Waste Management

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 27، شماره 2
خرداد و تیر 1399
صفحه 195-207

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