تاثیر روش قیمت‌گذاری آب بر میزان مصرف آب بخش کشاورزی در شهرستان گنبد کاووس

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هئیت علمی گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

آب به عنوان کمیاب‌ترین نهاده در تولید محصولات کشاورزی، نه تنها محدودکننده فعالیت‌های کشاورزی بلکه محدود کننده دیگر فعالیت‌های اقتصادی و اجتماعی نیز به شمار می رود. با افزایش جمعیت و توسعه در ابعاد مختلف و بالا رفتن سطح استانداردهای زندگی، تامین نیازهای آبی بخش های مختلف با محدودیت‌های زیادی مواجه می‌شود. بنابراین باید از سیاست های مناسبی برای مدیریت تقاضای آب استفاده کرد. یکی از این سیاست‌ها قیمت‌گذاری منابع آب با روش‌های مختلف در بخش کشاورزی می‌باشد. از آنجایی که در سیاست‌های قیمت‌گذاری در مناطق مختلف کشور در اکثر موارد تنها از روش قیمت‌گذاری سطحی استفاده گردیده‌است که با توجه به مسئله بحران آب و رشد روز افزون تقاضا و شکاف بین عرضه و تقاضای آب روش مذکور انگیزه کافی برای مصرف بهینه آب در بخش کشاورزی را ایجاد نمی‌کند لذا در همین راستا در مطالعه حاضر جهت استفاده بهینه منابع آب در راستای اهداف حفاظت آب و خاک شهرستان گنبدکاووس از استان گلستان، علاوه بر قیمت گذاری سطحی به روش قیمت‌گذاری حجمی و ترکیب آن با روش سطحی نیز پرداخته شده که جزء نوآوری مطالعه حاضر می باشد. با توجه به اینکه سیاست‌های مختلف کشاورزی را نمی‌توان در محیط آزمایشگاهی مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار داد، لذا بایستی آثار بالقوه این سیاست‌ها قبل، حین یا بعد از اعمال با استفاده از ابزارهای مناسب تحلیل سیاستی مورد بررسی قرار گیرند. لذا با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، در این مطالعه از روش برنامه‌ریزی ریاضی مثبت (PMP) جهت شبیه‌سازی رفتار کشاورزان در اراضی پایین دست سد گلستان (1) شهرستان گنبدکاووس در حالت اجرای روش‌های مختلف قیمت‌گذاری آب نظیر قیمت‌گذاری سطحی، حجمی و ترکیبی استفاده‌گردید. در این مطالعه داده‌های مورد نیاز با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای گردآوری و تعداد 20 سناریو (5 سناریو سطحی، 5 سناریو حجمی و 10 سناریو ترکیبی) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات مطالعه حاضر نیز از بسته نرم افزاری GAMS استفاده گردیده‌است. نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان می‌دهد با افزایش قیمت آب تقاضای آب در روش های مختلف قیمت‌گذاری آب (سطحی، حجمی و ترکیبی) بین 6/22 الی 8/48 درصد کاهش می یابد. در بین روش های مختلف قیمت گذاری آب، بیشترین و کمترین کاهش تقاضای آب به ترتیب مربوط به روش قیمت گذاری سطحی و ترکیبی می باشد. به کارگیری روش های مناسب قیمت گذاری آب باعث می‌شود که آب بین متقاضیان متناسب با ارزش تولید نهایی توزیع شده و انگیزه لازم جهت صرفه‌جویی و جلوگیری از اتلاف آن ایجاد شود. بنابراین بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه پیشنهاد می گردد از روش قیمت گذاری حجمی و سطحی به صورت ترکیبی استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Impact of water pricing method on agricultural water consumption in Gonbad Kavoos County

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Keramatzadeh 1
  • Vida Khosravipayam 2
  • Ramtin joolaie 1
1 Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources,
2 Msc Student of Agricultural Economics, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Water as the most scare input in the production of agricultural products is not only a limiting factor for agricultural activities, but also is obstacle to other economic and social activities. Water supply of different sectors faces a lot of constraints with increasing population and development in different dimensions and rising standards of living. Therefore, appropriate policies should be used to manage water demand. One of these policies is the pricing of water resources in different ways in the agricultural sector. Investigation of internal studies on water valuation shows that there is a great difference between the economic value of water and paying farmers for water. Water pricing policies based on the economic value of water can be effective in allocation and optimal use of water. Therefore, it is necessary to do various studies in order to apply appropriate policies to the climatic conditions of different regions. Pricing policies in different parts of the country in most cases are used only by area pricing. Due to the problem of water crisis, the growing demand, and the gap between water supply and demand, area-based pricing method does not provide sufficient incentives for optimal use of agricultural water. Therefore, this study examines the different methods of water pricing such as area pricing, volumetric pricing and combination of both.
Therefore, this study examines the optimal consumption of water resources for the purpose of water and soil conservation in Gonbad-e-Kavous County, Golestan province. This syudy considered the volumetric pricing and composition of volumetric with area-based methods in addition to area-based pricing method that is the innovation of this study. Since different agricultural policies can not be investigated and analyzed in the laboratory environment, so the potential effects of these policies should be investigated by appropriate instruments of policy before, during and after the implementing of policy. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject, in this study, the Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model is used to simulate farmers' behavior in the downstream lands of Golestan Dam (1) in Gonbad-e-Kavous County, in the implementation of various water pricing methods such as Area-based, volumetric and mi combined of them. In this study, data were collected using random sampling method and 20 scenarios were investigated. The GAMS software package is also used to analyze the information in this study.The results of this study show that water demand in all three methods (area-based, volumetric and combined) will decrease from 22.6 to 48.8% as water price rises in different scenarios. The highest and lowest water demand reduction is related to the area-based and combined water pricing method, respectively.Applying appropriate water pricing methods makes water be distributed optimally between users based on the value of marginal product and provides incentives to save and prevent loss. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended to use a volumetric and area-based pricing method in combination.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP)
  • Water Pricing Method
  • Water Demand
  • Water Consumption
  • Golestan (1) Dam

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مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک
دوره 27، شماره 2
خرداد و تیر 1399
صفحه 179-194

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